Repro 4 Flashcards

Question

What are the 4 main downsides of mare inductions

Answer 1

1. Premature placental separation 2. Maladjusted foals common 3. Fractured ribs common 4. Dystocias common

Answer 2

``` Abortion - PGF2alpha ○ Single dose effective throughout pregnancy at inducing abortion and parturition Induction Blocking Progesterone receptors - Aglepristone (Alizin®) ○ Off label in other species (cat, rat, rabbit) (on label for 0-45 days in bitch) downsides -> expensive and MUST BE GIVEN BY A VET ```

Answer 3

- Aglepristone (Alizin®) is registered in Australia for induction of abortion in the bitch from 0 – 45 days after mating ○ Before about 35 days, foetus is resorbed § Should wait till off heat as if given then mate again 2-3 days later ○ After 35 days, they deliver the foetus -> not nice, want it to be done before this ○ 2 injections 24 hours apart ○ MUST be given by a vet Bitch – induction of parturition - Off-label use of Alizin - Evidence it’s safe from day 58-59 - Takes >24h - Pregnancy can always be terminated surgically in the dog and cat!

Answer 4

1) Alizin is off-label but reported to work up to day 45 | 2) Desexing a better option in most cases!

Answer 5

Mammary Gland - A mammary gland is an organ in mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring. It is an exocrine gland that is an enlarged and modified cutaneous sweat gland, and gives mammals their name. Nipple / Teat - Projection of a mammary gland through which milk flows Udder - Another word for mammary glands – especially those that are big and baggy

Answer 6

``` - Derives from Ectoderm and Mesoderm ○ Derived from skin - Mammary Buds - Mammary Ridges 1. mammary buds form from mammary ridges 2. Epidermal sprouts give rise to ducts and alveoli ○ One sprout ‐1 duct system ○ Multiple sprouts ‐multiple duct system ```

Answer 7

Teat sphincter -> prevent milk from being exposed to air and therefore bacteria (perfect medium for growth) Alveoli -> milk producing units - Cuboidal epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells - Eject the milk from the udder , capillaries

Answer 8

1) Lateral Suspensory Ligament 2) Median Suspensory Ligament - through midline of the udder from the pelvis - Has 2 layers ○ Complete separation of right to left ○ Incomplete separation of front to back - Rupture of suspensory ligament results in teats moving outwards and dropping of udder

Answer 9

``` ○ 500 litres of blood to make a litre of milk Arterial: - External Pudendal ○ Inguinal canal ○ 1.5‐2cm diameter ○ Sigmoid flexure at inguinal canal - Ventral Perineal ○ Pelvic canal ○ Minor contribution Venous - “Milk Vein” ○ (aka Superficial cranial epigastric/abdominal) - External Pudendal vein - (perineal vein) “Venous ring” - Forms during pregnancy - Anastamoses of all veins - Valves become incompetent ```

Answer 10

- 2‐4 mammary Lymph nodes each side ○ “Superficial Inguinal” or “Mammary” LNs - Then to medial iliac LNs

Answer 11

``` - 1st and 2nd Lumbar nerves ○ Skin cranially - Perineal Nerve ○ Skin caudally - Genitofemoral (inguinal) nerve ○ Internal, deeper tissues ```

Answer 12

Secretory units(alveoli) -> Small intralobular ducts (within lobules) -> Larger interlobular ducts ( in interlobular septa) -> Lactiferous ducts Progressive increase in diameter but decrease in numbers ‐ ~ 10 enter -> Gland sinus (cistern) - sinus = cavity -> Teat sinus (cistern) -> Teat canal -> Exterior

Answer 13

- Puberty - Pregnancy - Lactation - Weaning (involution)

Answer 14

Puberty - Cyclic effects of ovarian hormones cause development of parenchyma - Parenchyma Pregnancy - Hormone increase - more development of the secretory tissue -> Oestrogen, adrenal steroids, GH -> make ducts grow Progesterone and prolactin -> make alveoli form - Commencement of lactation (prolactin and adrenal steroids result in milk secretion - Production of colostrum in some species

Answer 15

Lactation - Big spike in secretory tissue - Prolactin, TSH, GH produced at the end of pregnancy result in start of lactation ○ But progesterone inhibits lactose formation so milk isn't released by colostrum is form (providing energy and antibodies) ○ When colostrum is removed a prolactin surge occurs resulting in reflex of milk letdown -> further milk production Involution (Regression) - Distension of alveoli/ducts with secretion - Loss of secretory cells and capillaries‐ apoptosis shrinkage of myoepithelial cells - Increase leukocytes - Contained secretions & degenerating epithelial cells phagocytosed by neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 16

1) High in Vitamin A (because neonates are low) 2) High in Fat (for energy) 3) High in antibodies -> epitheliochorial animals unable to get across the placenta so need it orally 4) Not high in carbohydrates ○ Water follows sugar -> osmotic effect therefore would dilute the colostrum -> DON’T WANT (doesn't occur in fat) 5) High in other vitamins

Answer 17

1. Carbohydrates - Lactose (=glucose + galactose) ○ Job is to draw water in (main driver of milk volume) - Oligosaccharides 2. Proteins - 3.5% generally - depends on genetics - Caseins (“curds”) - Albumins and globulins (“whey”) 3. Fats - Mostly triglycerides, 3-6% - economically important - genetic and diet affect fat content - Not synthesised in mammary gland – they come from rumen and liver and are transported into milk by mammary epithelial cells 4. Salts - Unimportant economically 5. Cells - Epithelial and White cells

Answer 18

``` 2 types of proteins: 1) Caseins § Unique to milk § Insoluble 2) Whey proteins § Albumins § Globulins § Most economically important component of milk 3 classes] 1) Globulins - “round proteins” - Enzymes, antibodies, haemoglobin … - Albumins – a low molecular weight water soluble subclass of globulin 2) Fibrous (scleroproteins) - long protein filaments shaped like rods or wires - structural or storage proteins - typically inert and water‐insoluble - Collagen, elastin, keratin 3) Membrane proteins - attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle ```

Answer 19

``` 1. Normal components of milk ○ Protein ○ Fat ○ Volume 2. Abnormal components of milk ○ Cells 3. Contaminants of milk (penalties) ○ Bacteria ○ Sediment ○ Water ○ Inhibitory substances 4. Temperature (penalties if too low) ```

Answer 20

1. Bulk Milk Cell Count (BMCC) - Cells in the vat - “Premium milk” ○ < 250,000 cells per ml 2. Individual Cow Cell Count (ICCC) - Cells from an individual cow Types of cells not differentiated when counted ○ Normal = 50,000‐250,000 cells per ml ○ In mastitis can rise to several million cells/ml Cells in milk 1. Leucocytes - Neutrophils - Macrophages - Lymphocytes 2. Epithelial Cells - Normal shedding of the epithelial lining

Answer 21

1. Physical Barriers - Teat canal - Keratin Plug 2. Substances in milk - Cells - Antibodies

Answer 22

Suckling -> Nerve stimulation -> Oxytocin release -> Myopeithelial cells -> Milk Letdown Inhibited by Adrenaline - Blocks OT release - Constricts capillaries

Answer 23

1. Ensure animals are restrained and disinfect gloves 2. Disinfect the teat ends 3. Treat all quarters ○ Do not contaminate syringe nozzle ○ Do not insert the full depth of syringe nozzle into the teat otherwise damage may occur 4. Massage syringe content out of the teat and into the quarter after instillation

Answer 24

1. Completely disinfect teat ends 2. Treat all quarters by gently squeeze the top of teats when inserting product to encourage syringe contents to stay within the teat ○ Again do not insert the full depth of syringe nozzle into the teat DO NOT MASSAGE THE TEAT AND UDDER DO NOT ALLOW THEM TO LIE DOWN ON THE BARE GROUND OR SOILED AREAS for 2 hours after treatment

Answer 25

1. Lowered body temperature 2. Behavioural changes 3. Udder/Vulval and pelvic changes 4. Progesterone levels decline 5. Calcium levels in mares milk spike

Answer 26

1. FoalApp - iPhone 2. Foaling alarms a. Breed-Ezy -> alarm goes off when mare lays down (lots of false positives) 3. Vulval devices -> sutured into the vulva so when vulva opens the alarm goes off 4. Foaling cameras 5. Foal watch crew

Answer 27

1. Stage I (6 - 12 hours) - Cervical dilation, vaginal relaxation, uterine contractions - Signs include: nesting behaviour, restlessness, shivering may vomit and or lack appetite 2. Stage II - Starts with rupture of chorioallantois and ends in expulsion of foetus 3. Stage III - Ends when foetal membranes are passed in their entirely

Answer 28

- Pelvic ligaments relaxed - Full udder; waxing - Gestation >320 days - Milk Ca increases 24-48 hours pre-partum

Answer 29

Stage I (1-4hours) - Restlessness, frequent urination, defecation, may sweat, may lay down - The foals rotate in stage I therefore important not to intervene too early - do not stress at this stage Stage II (5-20mins) - Starts with rupture of chorioallantois - Rapid explosive delivery - If >60mins foal likely to die Stage III - End when foetal membranes are passed in their entirety

Answer 30

- Generally recommended to intervene if a ewe has been straining for over an hour with no obvious progress - ALWAYS check for another lamb per vagina or prior to suturing uterus Causes of dystocia in a flock 1. Abortion 2. Disproportionate size of the ewe and lamb 3. Malpresentation of the foetus 4. Failure of the cervix to dilate -> common 5. Vaginal prolapse 6. Deformed lamb

Answer 31

``` Stage I - Sow nests about 72 hours prior - Restless - Pelvis drops - About 8 hours milk spurts - About 30mins respiratory rate increases - Tail wags Stage II - Pigs appear at about 12-25minute intervals - Farrowing takes about 3-5 hours ```

Answer 32

Stage II - Average duration - 8 hours; range: 4-42 hours - Stages are the same as in the bitch - Dystocia is uncommon

Answer 33

Stage I (6-12 hours) - Nesting behaviour, restlessness, vomiting, anorexia, shivering cervical dilation, vaginal relaxation, uterine contractions Stage II (4-6 hours up to 12-24 hours in some) - Expulsion of first pup can last up to 4 hours, usually 30min to 2 hours in between pups - Note dark green pigment of placenta Stage III (variable) - Expulsion of allantochorionic foetal membrane - may occur without immediate following stage II

Answer 34

1. History - vital 2. Heads up - literally 3. Owners on standby - difficult not to intervene 4. Litigation 5. Does she really need it??? Need to be sure 6. Overdue - hard to intervene strictly on the date

Answer 35

1. Excessive straining without results 2. Haemorrhagic or foul smelling discharge 3. Excessive interval between or within stages 4. Active labour > 4 hours and no pup produced 5. Green-coloured or malodorous vaginal discharge, bleeding 6. Interval between pups > 30 min or > 2 hours (without myometrial contractions) How to determine 1. Vaginal exam 2. Ultrasonography 3. Radiology

Answer 36

1. Complete, partial primary or secondary uterine inertia 2. Poor response to treatment (oxytocin and calcium) 3. Past history of dystocia or caesarean section 4. Foetal distress 5. Systemic illness of the bitch/queen 6. Suspected uterine torsion/rupture/prolapse or herniation Need to rule out 1. Foetal oversize or malformation 2. Maternal pelvic obstruction (fractures, masses) 3. Non-reducible malpresentations

Answer 37

Stage 2 - 0.5-4 hours - heifers longer Risk factors for bovine dystocia include 1. Malposition/malpresentation 2. Limb/head flexion 3. Cervical constriction 4. Posterior presentation (breech) 5. Foetal deformities -> schistosoma, akabane

Answer 38

- Manual examination - Oxytocin 10/U - Caesars generally not required - Rule of thumb: manual examination after 45 minutes after pig #7 then oxytocin

Answer 39

- After long farrowing > 4 hours - After long interpig interval > 40 minutes - With gas heaters and increased CO levels - After induced farrowing and oxytocin - Associated with premature rupture of the cord and foetal anoxia

Answer 40

Stage II - Be aware of history - Size generally not an issue - Once rupture of chorioallantois expect a steady process - Be ready to intervene if malpresentation ○ Eg neck, limb flexion, posterior presentation - Length of limbs and muzzle make life challenging Stage III - Often require intervention - Foetal membranes usually delivered within 30 - 90 min after end of stage II - Retained when not released by 3-5 h post foaling - NK > 4 hours - NATALIE Dystocia intervention - Foals tend to get stuck at the shoulders - Be alert for warning signs: maternal/foetal distress, malodour, discolour, stasis etc.

Answer 41

Foal "red bag" - Failure of cervical star to rupture at cervical pole - thinner region - TRUE EMERGENCY Need to rupture chorioallantois and deliver foal ASAP

Answer 42

- KMAR ○ False negative - lameness (won't be mated properly) - Tail paint ○ False negative - lameness (won't be mated properly) ○ Rubbing against objects, rain, removal of paint in any other way but mounting - Pedometer ○ Lameness again an issue ○ Giving no information about when cows actually coming into oestrus and mounting behaviours

Answer 43

Non-return rate -> % of inseminations that were not followed by a return to heat Conception rate -> % insemination that resulted in a confirmed pregnancy 6 week in calf rate -> the percentage of herd that gets in-calf during the first 6 weeks of mating

Answer 44

6 weeks (industry standard) -> less risk of losing the foetus

Answer 45

``` - Management practices -> from all over the management ○ Conduction of AI ○ Semen storage ○ Calving themselves -> calving issues ○ Infections ○ Stress of the animal ○ Heat detection methods - Choice of bull semen - Choice of bull itself - Nutrition - Age structure of the herd ```

Answer 46

``` - 3-25% in cattle ○ Most common in heifers ○ DIY or Vet call - 1-2% in horses ○ Urgent, dramatic - 1-2% in pigs, sheep ```

Answer 47

- Millions of dollars - Animal welfare ○ Neonatal mortality ○ Maternal mortality - Decrease performance and increase wastage ○ For both the mother and foetus - Labour and vet costs ○ Isn't that costly

Answer 48

- Maternal - Foetal ○ Both contribute to dystocias 1. Foeto-pelvic disproportion 2. Malpresentation 3. Ineffective labour 4. Other

Answer 49

- Related to both ○ Foetal birth weight - foetus too big for mother pelvis ○ Maternal body weight/conformation § May have small pelvic cannel, protuberance blocking - Frequency ○ 50-70% of dystocias in beef § Larger than dairy due to the genetic selection of large calves that have fast growth rate ○ 15-30% in dairy cattle ○ Probably less common in other species

Answer 50

``` - Cause often not known ○ Foeto-pelvic disproportion contributes ○ Foetal maturity/strength/coordination § Weak -> cannot pull itself up into normal calving position - Especially in posterior presentation ○ Hindlegs or bum first - Frequency ○ 20-45% in cattle -> common ○ Relatively common in horses ○ Less common in other species ```

Answer 51

- Weak or ineffective uterine contractions ○ Primary § Never started to push § Hypocalcaemia, debility, obesity ○ Secondary § Started well but then declines § Exhaustion (obstruction, twins, hydrops) - Frequency ○ 10-20% in cattle ○ Less common in horses ○ The most common cause in pigs, dogs, cats § Can be an issue with owner not detecting the uterine contractions

Answer 52

1) Insufficient dilation ○ Cervix, vagina (generally not an issue), vulva (can get through cervix, vagina and then unable to stretch the vulva 2) Uterine torsion - Foetal monsters ○ Bulldog calves, hydrocephalus, co-joined twins, waterbelly ○ Schistosoma reflexes, two headed

Answer 53

1) genetics 2) nutrition 3) management

Answer 54

- Some factors can be selected for: ○ Foetal birth weight - low birth weight that has rapid growth rate ○ Double muscling - Belgian blues ○ Gestational length § Longer length longer time of growth for calf ○ Maternal pelvic diameter (doesn't equal hip width) § Cannot measure across the hips -> need to measure internal diameter of the pelvis - Some don't respond well to selection: ○ Foetal presentation, posture, position § If cull on this will still get those presentations ○ Dystocia itself has low heritability - DON'T CULL BASED ON

Answer 55

- Preweaning growth of heifers ○ Has some effect on size at puberty ○ Sets up for later production life - Weaning to mating ○ Growth in this period affects pelvis size - Mating to 1st parturition ○ Restriction of gestational nutrition is an imprecise way to affect foetal growth ○ Restriction of late gestational nutrition carries with it considerable risk to the dam § Undernourish -> May get large calves with skinny mums -> dystocia

Answer 56

``` - Excessive intervention ○ Some species differences - Delayed intervention ○ Timely intervention may prevent a minor dystocia form developing into a serious dystocia - Frequency and expertise of observation ```

Answer 57

○ If facing forward can put hand over heart and feel heartbeat ○ Can also feel the pulse ○ Stick fingers around the mouth - suck reflex? Negative may not be dead, may just be stuck ○ Pinch hooves between the claws should get withdrawal - if not again may still be alive

Answer 58

1. Manipulation 2. Extraction 3. Foetotomy 4. Caesarean section 5. Euthanasia

Answer 59

- Correct position and postures if possible - Don’t try to correct presentation ○ Turning posterior to anterior is unrewarding - Minimise the diameter of the calf/foal/lamb - Protect the uterus at all times ○ Cup hand around the foot of the calf as move ○ Use plenty of lubricant - Use retropulsion intelligently ○ Push calf back in to get extra space - between the contractions - Minimise maternal straining ○ Epidural (local anaesthetic into spine), tocolytic (works directly on smooth muscle of uterus to decrease - Positioning of the patient - Directed and appropriate traction At an appropriate time, direction and force

Answer 60

``` - Leg flexions ○ Hands ○ Chains/ropes/straps - Head flexion ○ Fingers ○ Eye hooks ○ Snare - Rotation of calf ○ Need to be done as if go backwards, against curvature of spine, contraction of abdominal muscles and less flexibility of the pelvis ○ Directed traction ○ Manual leverage ○ Detorsion rod ○ Pulley system ```

Answer 61

- When there is no physical obstruction to passage of the foetus - When foeto-pelvic disproportion has been assessed - How hard should you pull? ○ Not too hard - How do you tell if it will fit? ○ Both front feet out of vulva and head at the pelvic canal ○ Back legs up, both hooks out of vulva

Answer 62

- Correct any malpresentations FIRST - Place chains/ropes properly - Orientate the foetus - Dilate the cervix Large animal equipment ○ Chains, ropes, straps ○ Eye-hooks, snares § Don't use in lambs or fawns ○ Pig puller § Can clamp the head of the fawn and lamb ○ Calving jack ○ Pulleys § Hard to use in a paddock ○ Ropes

Answer 63

``` ○ Used to enlarge Vulval opening § Avoids uncontrolled testing § Vulva dilation often feasible § Prevent rectal-vaginal fistula ○ Occasionally useful in cattle ○ Rarely used in dogs/cats ```

Answer 64

- reduction of foetal size by dissection - Indications ○ Dead calf ○ Alternative to correction of difficult flexions - INSTEAD JUST DO A CASEAR Total vs partial ○ Partial is just cutting a limb or head off ○ Total -> multiple limbs, splitting pelvis, cut the head Percutaneous vs subcutaneous

Answer 65

Subcutaneous -> skin the forelimb then pull off the body - Advantages ○ Relatively quick ○ No cutting of bone ○ Retain a traction point - Disadvantages ○ Limited in application ○ Not so easy in fresh foetuses Percutaneous - saw the limb, head, pelvis, etc. - Advantages ○ Flexible… almost unlimited range of cuts ○ Simple cuts can be quick - Disadvantages ○ Usually leaves sharp edges of bone - laceration risk to the cow ○ Loss of traction points ○ Technically demanding; specialised equipment ○ Can be frustrating and physically challenging

Answer 66

``` - Indications ○ Unable to extract foetus per vaginal ○ Live/viable foetus(es) ○ Valuable foetus(es) ○ Elective pre-parturient ○ Foetal monsters ○ Dead, emphysematous foetus(es) ○ Uterine torsion - Surgical approaches ○ Standing (cattle) § Left flank § Right flank ○ Recumbent and all small animals § Flank § Paramedian § Ventral midline ```

Answer 67

- Sometimes is the best option ○ Animal welfare § Already a disaster ○ Cost

Repro 4 Flashcards

(91 cards)