Research

Question 1

Neuropsychological consideration in administering

Answer 1

• Validity
• Reliability
• Purpose/rationale (ethical)
• Standardisation (Norm for who?)
• Age range
• Time of administration
• Attention capacity
• Educational level

E.g., ID for MMPI (sams case)

Question 2

Neuropsychological results interpretation

Answer 2

• Was test valid/reliable ^
• Was it scored right/ Was it administered correctly?
• Malingering? / conditions which they answers/took it? ^

Assuming ^ all okay then:
- Statistical significance (rainbow table, t-scores)
- BASE RATES (below 10?)
- Research: What about for specific age, culture, comorbidity, current stage
- Manuel
- Does this reflect or contradict achievement in life? Collateral? School perspective?

good internal consistency reliability, which shows that all of the items in a scale intercorrelate well and tap into the same construct. Cronbach’s alpha,

Question 3

Factors affecting the reliability of a client’s data

Answer 3

● rapport
● distractibility, comprehension, memory for instructions
● environmental noise
● client factors: tiredness, attitude, malingering
● clinician factors: bias, attitude

Question 4

Research consideration

Answer 4

• Sample size (power?)
• Participant characteristics (determinative of the population it will be administered on? Have diagnosis? Mild, moderate? – how were they ‘diagnosed’)
• How were participants recruited (sort of people to sign up already diff to pop)
• What was the study design? Correlation vs experimental
• Was there randomisation? Were the two groups similar?
• Blinding, double blinding? for bias
• Placebo/control to know it’s not just random
• Confounding variables? Do we know the results due to what is being tested?
• How were the results measured? When were they measured (pre, post, follow-up?)
• Statistical significance vs clinical significance – meaningful difference?
• Effect sizes
• Cost/benefit
• Was the procedure indicative of the research qs (CBT carried out properly?)
• Is this research replicable/reliable?

Question 5

• Correlations:

Answer 5

strength and direction of association between 2 variables (-1 to +1)

Question 6

• Effect sizes:

Answer 6

• Effect sizes: how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is. It indicates the practical significance of a research outcome
  o typically as Cohen’s d (0.2 = small, 0.5 = medium, 0.8 = large)

Question 7

• Confidence intervals:

Answer 7

• Confidence intervals: mean of your estimate plus and minus the variation = how good an estimate is
  o eg confident that upon retesting multiple times their score would land in interval 95% of time

Question 8

• Odds Ratio:

Answer 8

• Odds Ratio: odds of something happening in one group V other group
  o eg abused in childhood and depression, 1 = no diff,
  o <1 less likely develop dx,
  o >1more likely develop dx

Question 9

Statistical significance vs clinical significance

Answer 9

• Clinical = observes dissimilarity between the two groups
• Statistical = implies whether there is any mathematical significance to the carried analysis of the results or not

Question 10

Clinical effectiveness vs clinical efficacy

Answer 10

Clinical effectiveness vs clinical efficacy
- Effectiveness: Treatment intervention outcomes in real-world settings
- Efficacy: Treatment intervention outcomes under ideal and controlled circumstances

Question 11

Reliability vs Validity

Answer 11

• Reliability = the consistency of a measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions)
• Validity = the accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure).
• E.g., I’m sad, I’m upset, I’m not happy = RELIABLE all probably yes but not VALID of depression as it’s much more than that

Question 12

Mediation vs moderation

Answer 12

Mediation: a third factor (B) explains the relationship between A and C eg stress - rumination - depression (mediator is explaining the correlation between 2 variables)
Moderation: when B impacts on the relationship between A and C (makes it stronger/weaker)