Research

Question 1

3 pillars of EBP

Answer 1

best scientific evidence
clinical experience
patient values

Question 2

5 orders for appraisal

Answer 2

1. ask question
2. search evidence
3. critically appraise (pros and cons of each article)
4. implement - determine clinical relevance
5. evaluate - during clinical application of intervention

Question 3

levels of evidence

Answer 3

1. meta-analysis
2. systematic review
3. RCT
4. cohort
5. case control
6. cross sectional
7. case series/case reports

Question 4

meta-analysis

Answer 4

multiple articles with statistical analysis

Question 5

systematic review

Answer 5

gives summary of findings from many articles
less statistics/no statistics

Question 6

RCT

Answer 6

control group doesnt get intervention
experimental group gets intervention

Question 7

cohort studies

Answer 7

-observational study that compares COHORT who share COMMON CHARATERISTIC; with and without the exposure
- type of LONGITUDINAL study
- ex framingham study - ex residents of framingham is whats in common, and follows to see heart data
- prospective: over period of time in future
- retrospective: use info thats already happened in past

Question 8

case control studies

Answer 8

Compare group of individuals with specific condition with group of people without same condition
- observational
- ex group of older women: age matched 15 with chronic LBP and 15 w/o chronic LBP to see if it affects pain

Question 9

cross sectional studies

Answer 9

• observation study
• data is collected from ppl at single point in time (snapshot) of info at specific moment
• ex look at balance 4 wks after surgery

Question 10

longitudinal studies

Answer 10

• observational study
• repeated observations or measurementsof same subjects across extended time periods to understand patterns and factors influencing those changes

Question 11

case series/case reports

Answer 11

document clinical case of single patient or series of patients

Question 12

nominal data

Answer 12

mutually exclusive
- qualitative
- ex blood types (no overlap)

Question 13

ordinal data

Answer 13

• qualitative
• order matters
• ex MMT

Question 14

discrete data

Answer 14

whole numbers
- ex counting people
- quantitative
- can be ratio or interval

Question 15

continuous data

Answer 15

• quantitative
• has decimals, ex measure of weight
• can be interval or ratio

Question 16

interval data

Answer 16

• quantitative
• NO true 0, can have negatives
• ex. temp

Question 17

ratio data

Answer 17

• quantitative
• true 0
• highest level of measurement
• ex height, money

Question 18

Reliability
Types of reliabiliy

Answer 18

Consistency of measure, extent of research instrument to consistently have same results with used on multiple occasions
- intra-rater: test performed by 1 person several times, use equipment that already know is reliable
- inter-rater: test performed by 2+ ppl on testing 1 variable
- test-retest reliability: same test to same subjects on 2 occasions, testing new equipment that dont know is reliable

Question 19

Validity

Answer 19

-consistency of instrument or measure
- extent to which instrument used is measuring what you want it to measure

Question 20

concurrent validity

Answer 20

• strongest form
• test performed and compared to GOLD stanard and test results are matched

Question 21

content validity

Answer 21

• test measure specifically what patient problem is
• ex for balance/fall risk - use TUG

Question 22

construct validity

Answer 22

• test should measure what its supposed to measure
• ex using specific tool: goni

Question 23

face validity

Answer 23

• weakest form
• outcome measure should measure what it looks like it will based on patient problem
• what it appears to measure

Question 24

type I error

Answer 24

falsely reject null
false +

Question 25

type II error

Answer 25

falsely accept null false -

Question 26

Sensitivity

Answer 26

- ability to ID trule disease WITHOUT LEAVING ANYONE OUT - few false negatives - SNOUT

Question 27

specificity

Answer 27

ability to be CORRECTLY NEGATIVE in ABSENCE OF DISEASE without mislabeling - few false positives -SPIN

Question 28

sensitivity equation

Answer 28

Sn=TP/(TP+FN)

Question 29

specificity

Answer 29

specificity=TN/(TN+FP)

Question 30

parametric data

Answer 30

- bell shaped curve - quantitative data - randomization of sample - equal distribution (=sample size in each group)

Question 31

non-parametric data

Answer 31

- unequal distribution (unequal sample size) - no randomization of sample - skewed curve

Question 32

independent T test

Answer 32

- parametric - 2 independent groups - ex athletes vs non-athletes

Question 33

paired T-test

Answer 33

- 2 matched/same groups - ex athletes before and after training

Question 34

1 tailed T test

Answer 34

know which way hyp will go/directional hyp - ex: inc or dec pain after PT

Question 35

2 tailed T test

Answer 35

- non-directional hypothesis - ex trying out new intervention

Question 36

1 way anova

Answer 36

- 3+ independent groups compared on 1 intervention

Question 37

2 way anova

Answer 37

- 3+ independent groups compared on 2 interventions

Question 38

repeated measures anova

Answer 38

- individuals measured over time - ex: 3 diets measured at different times

Question 39

ANCOVA

Answer 39

anova + controlling for cofounding factor/ covariant

Question 40

chi squared test

Answer 40

use nominal data to find difs btw groups

Question 41

Mann Whitny U test

Answer 41

- compare 2 independent groups using ordinal data - ex MAS - similar to independent T test

Question 42

Kruskal Wallis test

Answer 42

- compare 3+ groups with ordinal data - similar to 1 way anova

Question 43

pearson correlation

Answer 43

for parametric data

Question 44

rho/spearman correlation

Answer 44

for non-parametric data

Question 45

correlation scale

Answer 45

r=correlation 0-.25=low .26-.5=fair .51-.75=moderate .76-1=high

Question 46

regression

Answer 46

- explains how change in 1 variable can have change in another variable - ex: height and weight - gives in form of equation that relates x to y so that if given x - y can be predicted

Question 47

regression values

Answer 47

R^2=regression >.5 is strong <.5 is weak