1
Q
What is qualitative data?
A
-Data expressed in words
- Good because rich in detail so more meaningful
- bad because difficult to analyse
2
Q
What is quantitative data?
A
- Numerical data
- Good as easier to analyse and identify patterns
- Bad as less detail
3
Q
What is primary data?
A
- Data collected first hand for purpose of investigation
- Good as directly relevant data so more valid
- Bad as requires more time and effort and ethical considerations need to be taken into account
4
Q
What is secondary data?
A
- Data collected by someone other than the person conducting the research
- Good as minimal effort so less expensive and time consuming
- Bad as unknown quality or relevance so less valid
5
Q
What is nominal data?
A
- Qualitative values usually tallied that you are not able to rank, in categories
- e.g. gender, weather, ethnicity
6
Q
What is ordinal data?
A
- Data that is ordered and ratings will be subjective, often seen as score
- e.g. 1-5
7
Q
What is interval data?
A
- Data with equal measurements intervals
-e.g. temperature, heart rate, time, distance
8
Q
Describe the mean?
A
- Advantages = can see all averages and representative as includes all values
- Disadvantage = skewed easily and distorted by anomalous data
9
Q
Describe the mode?
A
- Advantages = can be used for all types of data and easy to calculate
- Disadvantage = least accurate representation
10
Q
Describe the median?
A
- Advantage = not easily skewed of affected by extreme scores
- Disadvantage = actual data can be ignored
11
Q
Describe the range?
A
- Advantage = easy to calculate
- Disadvantage= don’t know how spread out the scores are
12
Q
What is falsifiability?
A
- the possibility a statement or hypothesis can be proved wrong
13
Q
What is objectivity?
A
- When the measurement of data is not affected by expectations of researcher
14
Q
What is replicability?
A
- If a theory is to be trusted the findings must be repeatable across many contexts, helps determine the validity
15
Q
What is empirical methods?
A
- Methods of testing that rely on direct observation or testing
16
Q
What is a lab experiment?
A
- An experiment carried out in a controlled environment
- variables can be carefully manipulated
- participants aware they are in the study but may not know true aims
17
Q
Advantages of a lab experiment?
A
- Easily replicated
- High internal validity and accurate measure of DV
18
Q
Disadvantages of Lab experiment?
A
- Could be bias and participants may change behaviour
- Demand characteristics so if participants found out true aim it could change their behaviour
19
Q
What is a feild experiment?
A
- More natural environment
- IV still manipulated by researcher and DV still measured
- Participants may not be aware they are in a study
20
Q
What are advantages to feild experiments?
A
- High ecological validity and research can be generated beyond research settings
- Less chance of demand characteristics and participants not usually aware
21
Q
What are disadvantages to feild experiments?
A
- Harder to replicate due to lower levels of control and more variables can affect DV
22
Q
What is a natural experiment?
A
- Conducted when it is not possible to deliberately manipulate an IV so it occurs naturally
23
Q
What are advantages of natural experiments?
A
- High ecological validity as the study is ‘real’ problems
24
Q
What are disadvantages to natural experiments?
A
- lack of random allocation as IV is natural
25
What is a quasi experiment?
- IV is a difference between people that already exist e.g. gender
- DV still measured
26
What are advantages to quasi experiment?
- Allows comparisons between types of people
- Can be carried out in a lab so therefore high control
27
What are disadvantages to quasi experiments?
- May be in a lab so low ecological validity
- Lack of random allocation
28
What are extraneous variables?
- Anything other than the IV which may have an effect on the DV
29
What is a directional hypothesis?
- Hypothesis which says whether it is more or less ' significantly higher'
- Used when there is previous research
30
What is non directional hypothesis?
- Hypothesis just says there will be a 'significant difference'
- used when there is no previour research
31
What is a null hypothesis?
- Used when there is a prediction of no significant difference
32
What are the experimental designs?
- Independent groups, repeated measures, matched pairs
33
What are independent groups?
- Recruit a group of participants, divide them into two
- Group 1 does independent task set for condition 1, Group 2 does other
- Compare results for each after DV is measured
34
Ad/disadvantages to independent groups?
Advantages:
- Not time consuming as conditions can be run at same time
- Allows more participants to be studied
D:
- participant variables
35
What are repeated measures?
- Recruit group of participants, group does experimental task with IV set for condition 1
- Group repeats with condition 2
- compare results for two conditions
36
What is counterbalancing in repeated measures?
- Half the group do condition A followed by B
- Other half do the opposite
37
Ad/disadvantages to repeated measures and matched pairs?
A:
- Less affected by participant variables
D:
- time consuming
38
What are matched pairs?
- Recruit group of participants, find out wat sorts of people are in the group
- Recruit another group of people that matches relevant characteristics
- Treat the groups with different conditions and compare results
39
What are demand characteristics?
- Participant changing their behaviour to meet aims of investigation
40
What are investigator effects?
- Effect of investigator on research outcome
41
How are investigator effects/ demand characteristics dealt with?
- Single blind design = participant unaware of research aims
- Double blind designs = when neither researcher or participant are aware
42
What is a control group?
- Group of participants who do not undergo a change in IV condition and used as a baseline behaviour measure
43
What is a confederate?
- Individual in a study who is not a real participant but has been instructed how to behave by researcher
44
What is a pilot study?
- Small scale trial run to check procedures, instructions, materials in order to see of changes are needed before the real study
- Used to check everything in the trial works
- Good as makes main study easier and adds more validity
45
Describe opportunity sampling?
- Anyone in the vicinity who is willing and able
- good as not time consuming so more economical
- bad as not very representative and could be bias
46
Describe random sampling?
- All members of target population have an equal chance of being selected?
- Good as no bias
- Bad as can be time consuming and potentially unrepresentative
47
Describe stratified samling?
- Reflects proportions of people in subgroups of target population
- Good as most representative
- Bad a potentially affected by bias
48
Describe systematic sampling?
- Every nth member of target population selected
- Good as not affected by bias
- Bad as time consuming so not economical
49
Describe volunteer sampling?
- Self selected sample, often replying to an advert
- Good as not time consuming so economical
- Bad as least representative and may be a volunteer bias
50
Wat are the parts of the ethical guidelines for a study?
1. informed consent - permission to use them and their data before the study, should be informed of anything that may affect their decision
2. deception - researchers should not deceive
3. protection from harm
4. privacy/confidentiality
51
What is a type 1 error?
- False positive - believing there is a significant difference when there isn't, rejecting a null hypothesis
52
What is a type 2 error?
- False negative - believing there is not significant difference when there is, accepting a null hypothesis
Revision Cards
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
-
Approaches61
-
Research Methods52
-
Bio core concept enzymes7
-
bio core concept molecules49
-
cells core concepts15
-
Nucleic acids9
-
Research Methods 243
-
Bio Component 324
-
Bio The Heart41
-
Memory82
-
English Key Phrases7
-
Social influence38
-
Bio component 3 transport in blood5
-
Nervous system32
-
Kidneys13
-
Bio core concepts water11
-
Crit app12
