respiration

Question 1

What does respiration produce

Answer 1

ATP

Question 2

Where does glycolysis occur and what type of process is it

Answer 2

Cytoplasm, anaerobic process

Question 3

Describe glycolysis

Answer 3

1. Glucose 6c is phosphorolated (2atp mols hydrolysed to ADP and pi) to form fructose biphosphate 6c
2. Fructose biphosphate is broken down into triose phosphate (splitting) 3c
3. Triose phosphate is oxidised to form pyruvate 3c (nad is reduced and 2 atp mols are formed) - substrate level phosphorylation

Question 4

What are the overall products of glycolysis

Answer 4

Net gain 2 atp, 2 pyruvate, 2 reduced NAD

Question 5

Define respiration

Answer 5

A process that releases energy in organic molecules such as sugars and lipids

Question 6

Define hydrolysis

Answer 6

The breaking of a bond, losing a molecule of water

Question 7

What is substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 7

Energy released during a reaction is used directly on the synthesis of atp

Question 8

What is oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 8

Kinetic energy form movement of electrons form one mol to another is used to synthesise atp

Question 9

What is oxidation

Answer 9

Loss of electrons and h, gain of o2

Question 10

What is reduction

Answer 10

Gain of electrons and h, loss of o2

Question 11

What type of mol is NADH (can use for essay)

Answer 11

Organic (contains carbon)

Question 12

How does atp differ from a nucleotide base

Answer 12

ATP has 3 phosphate groups, whereas nucleotide bases only have 1

Question 13

If o2 present what happens to the pyruvate from glycolysis

Answer 13

Enters the mitochondrial matrix by active transport

Question 14

Describe the link reaction

Answer 14

1. Pyruvate 3c is oxidised and decarboxylated to form acetate 2c (nad is reduced to nadh and co2 is lost)
2. Acetate combines with coenzyme a to form acetylcoA 2c
   (Happens in matrix)

Question 15

Describe Krebs cycle

Answer 15

1. Acetyl coA reacts with 4c mol releasing coenzyme a and producing a 6c
2. 6c decarboxylated and oxidised (loses co2 and nad reduced to nadh)
3. 5c decarboxylated and oxidised and substrate phosphorylation (atp synthesised)
4. 4c oxidised (nad reduced and fad reduced)

Question 16

How many times does the Krebs cycle happen per glucose

Answer 16

Twice

Question 17

Describe the etc

Answer 17

Happens in Cristae
1. Electrons are released by nadh and fadh2 and passed along proteins in etc
2. Electrons lose energy
3. Energy is used to move h+ ions via active transport into intermembrenal space + then diff down the conc gradient by chemiosmosis
4. Energy is used to add phosphate to ADP to make atp using atp synthase
5. O2 is the final electron acceptor, bonds to electron and hydrogen to make h2o

Question 18

How many atps are made from aerobic resp

Answer 18

38

Question 19

What happens if o2 isn’t present after glycolysis

Answer 19

Krebs cycle and etc can’t occur as nad isn’t recycled as the nadh can’t be oxidised/release e- or h+ to etc (as no o2 as final acceptor mol) therefore if o2 not present nadh has to regenerate nad (pyruvate accepts the h from nadh)

Question 20

Process of anaerobic respiration in plants

Answer 20

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate decarboxylated into acetaldehyde
3. Acetaldehyde reduced to form ethanol (uses nadh from glycolysis to regenerate nad to be used in glycolysis)

Question 21

Process of anaerobic resp in animals/humans

Answer 21

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate is reduced into lactate (nadh oxidised (from glycolysis) into nad when can be reused in glycolysis)

Question 22

describe the respiration of lipids

Answer 22

1. lipids are hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids
2. glycerol is phosphorlated and converted into triose phosphate
3. fatty acids broken into 2 carbon fragments which are converted into acetylcoA which enters krebs cycle

Question 23

what does the oxidation of lipids produce

Answer 23

1. 2 carbon fragments of carbohydrate
2. many hydrogen atoms (used to produce atp during oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 24

describe the respiration of proteins

Answer 24

1. hydrolysed into amino acids
2. enters resp pathway depending on carbon chain - 3c glyc, 4/5c krebs