respiratory

Question 1

what are the parts of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

• nasal cavity
• nostril
• oral cavity
• larynx

Question 2

what are the parts of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 2

• trachea
• bronchus
• lungs

Question 3

what are the parts of the pleural cavity

Answer 3

• parietal pleura
• visceral pleura
• pleural recess

Question 4

what are the different parts of the parietal pleura

Answer 4

• costal - attached to the ribs
• diaphragmatic - attached to the diaphragm
• mediastinal - everything covering the mediastinum

Question 5

what is the pleuralrecesses

Answer 5

• gap where the lungs don’t fill unless in deep inspiration - where fluid might fill
• costomediastinal
• costodiaphgramatic

Question 6

what is pleural effusion

Answer 6

excess of pleural fluid in the costodiagphramatic recess

Question 7

what is hydrothorax

Answer 7

too much serious fluid - lead to heart failure, liver cirrhosis

Question 8

what is haemothorax

Answer 8

build-up of blood - caused in trauma, alongside pneumothorax

Question 9

what is chylothorax

Answer 9

too much lymphatics - lymph leak through damage to thoracic duct

Question 10

what is pneumothorax

Answer 10

• air entering the pleural cavity can either be open or closed
• open - air enters the cavity from the outside world
• closed - air enters from damaged lung

Question 11

what are the fissures in the lungs

Answer 11

• oblique fissures - symmetrical on each side, starts at T2 ends at 6th costal cartilage
• horizontal fissure - right lung ONLY, rib 4 to 5th/6th intercostal space

Question 12

what enters the hilum

Answer 12

• Pulmonary ligament - where parietal and visceral pleura are continuous
• Primary bronchus
• Pulmonary artery - high up in hilum, blood entering the lung, deoxygenated
• Pulmonary vein - most inferior structure in the hilum, leaves lungs, oxygenated
• Lymphatic vessels
• Autonomic nerves - controls the smooth muscle in the lungs
• Bronchial arteries
• Bronchial veins

Question 13

what is a pulmonary embolism

Answer 13

clot in the lung from deep vein thrombosis

Question 14

what are the 10 steps from trachea to alveoli

Answer 14

1. Respiratory tree begins with trachea
2. Bifurcates into L and R primary bronchi
3. Primary divide into secondary bronchi (one into each lobe of the lung)
4. Secondary branch into tertiary bronchi
5. Tertiary branch into the bronchioles
6. Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles
7. Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles
8. Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts
9. Alveolar ducts open into alveolar sacs
   10Alveolar sacs pouch into alveoli

Question 15

what happens in the conducting zone

Answer 15

• conditions the air
• warms
• humidifies
• filters

Question 16

what happens in the respiratory zone

Answer 16

• allows exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood

Question 17

trachea

Answer 17

• c shaped cartilage
• bifurcates at sternal angle (T4/5)

Question 18

what are the different types of bronchi

Answer 18

• Primary bronchi - 1 per lung
• Secondary bronchi - 1 per lobe
• Tertiary bronchi - 1 per bronchopulmonary segment
• Things are more likely to be directed into the right lung as it is shorter, wider and more vertical

Question 19

what are the 4 layers of the tracheal wall

Answer 19

• mucosa
• submucosa
• cartilaginous layer
• adventitia

Question 20

what is the mucosa layer

Answer 20

• cilia and goblet cells
• pseudostratified
• supported by lamina propria

Question 21

what is the submucosa

Answer 21

• connective tissue
• seromucous glands

Question 22

what is the cartilaginous layer

Answer 22

• c shaped cartilage in smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue
• trachealis muscle posteriorly - squeeze trachea to force air out

Question 23

what is the cell structure found at the bronchi

Answer 23

• Respiratory epithelium decreases in height and pseudostratification
• Lamina propria becomes more elastic and becomes separated from submucosa by a layer of smooth muscle
• Goblet cells and serosmucosions gland numbers decreased
• Cartilage decreases

Question 24

what is the cell structure found in the bronchioles

Answer 24

• Airways <1mm diameter
• No cartilage or submucosal glands
• Walls composed mostly of smooth muscle
• Epithelium = ciliated columnar - few goblet cells
• Terminal and respiratory bronchioles, non-ciliated club cells replace much of the ciliated epithelium - assist in surfactant production

Question 25

what are the cell types in the alveolar wall

Answer 25

- type I pneumocytes - thin for diffusion - type II pneumocytes - surfactant production

Question 26

what are the parts of the pharynx

Answer 26

- nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx

Question 27

what is present in the larynx

Answer 27

- epiglottis stops food from entering larynx - arytenoid cartilage - allows you to speak

Question 28

nasal cavity and nasal septum

Answer 28

- front is cartilage, back is bone - nasal conchae: superior, middle, inferior - sinuses - fill up with mucus and drain into the nasal cavity - pharyngotympanic tubes - nasolacrimal duct - nasal meatus: superior, middle, inferior

Question 29

tonsillar ring

Answer 29

- pharyngeal tonsil - tubular tonsil (nasal) - palatine tonsil - lingual tonsil (oral)

Question 30

what is the structure of the pharynx

Answer 30

- muscular tube with no anterior - posterior - pharyngeal constrictor muscles - piriform recess - next to larynx where food and small bones get stuck can damage superior laryngeal nerve

Question 31

what are the different types of laryngeal muscle

Answer 31

- extrinsic - suprahyoid and infrahyoid - intrinsic - open and close vocal cords - posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 32

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 32

- Ascending branches of vagus nerve: Left loops around aortic arch, Right loops around subclavian artery - Innervate intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Question 33

what happens to your voice with unilateral damage

Answer 33

hoarse voice

Question 34

what happens to your voice with bilateral damage

Answer 34

no voice and closed airway

Question 35

thyroid gland

Answer 35

- Important relation of larynx and trachea - R and L lobes joined by isthmus - crosses tracheal rings 2&3 - Endocrine gland so rich in blood supply - Superior thyroid artery - branch of external carotid - Inferior thyroid artery - branch of thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian) - Thyroid ima artery - variable branch in approx 5% - Potentially fatal - Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into internal jugular - Inferior thyroid vein drain into left brachiocephalic

Question 36

what are the parts of the lung

Answer 36

- superior lobe - middle lobe (right only) - inferior lobe - horizontal fissures - oblique fissures - visceral pleura - parietal pleura - apex - costodiaghramatic recess - base - hilum

Question 37

what is the thoracic inlet

Answer 37

at the apex of the lung where the root of the neck connects to the thorax

Question 38

what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the trachea

Answer 38

around T4 and T5

Question 39

how does the distribution of cartilage change through the respiratory tree

Answer 39

reduction of cartilage until the bronchioles which have no cartilage

Question 40

where are the two layers of the pleura continuous

Answer 40

at the hilum

Question 41

what is the contents of the hila

Answer 41

- pulmonary artery - pulmonary vein - bronchus - pulmonary ligamnet

Question 42

parts of the laryngeal cartilage

Answer 42

- hyoid bone - epiglottic cartilage - thyroid membrane - thyroid cartilage - cricoid cartilage - cricoid ligament

Question 43

parts of the laryngeal inlet

Answer 43

- epiglottis - vestibular folds - vocal fold - interarytenoid fold - corniculate and cuneiform tubercle

Question 44

what innervates the muscles that controls the vocal cords

Answer 44

- recurrent laryngeal nerve