1
Q
Pneumo-
A
air, breath
2
Q
pneumon-
A
lung
3
Q
ventilation
A
- movement of air in and out of the lungs
*** dosent mean there has been an exchange of oxygen
4
Q
oxygenation
A
- loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin
- delivery of oxygen to the organs
*** doesnt mean there has been ventilation
5
Q
respiration
A
- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli as well as capillaries
6
Q
Perfusion
A
- delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue
7
Q
General signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease
A
- dyspnea
- cough
- sputum
- hemoptysis
- abnormal breathing
- hypo/hyper ventilation
- cyanosis
- clubbing
- pain
8
Q
dyspnea
A
-difficulty breathing
- breathlessness, air hunger, shortness of breath, laboured breathing and preoccupation with breathing
9
Q
signs of dyspnea
A
- faring nostrils, use of accessory muscles, tracheal tug
- head bobbing in infants
10
Q
-pnea
A
breathing
11
Q
ortho-
A
upright
12
Q
orthopnea
A
- difficulty breathing when lying down
13
Q
nocturnal dyspnea
A
- difficulty breathing after you have been lying down for awhile
14
Q
Cough
A
protective reflex, part of the innate immune system
15
Q
Acute cough
A
2-3 weeks; resolves with treatment
EXAMPLE: pneumonia, apiration
16
Q
Chronic cough
A
longer than 2-3 weeks
EXAMPLE: smokers cough, disease process
17
Q
Hemoptysis
A
coughing up of blood or bloody secretions
18
Q
kussmaul respirations
A
increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, no
19
Q
cheyne stokes respirations
A
alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing; apnea and then hyperventilation
20
Q
clear or white sputum
A
normal secretions
21
Q
yellow or green sputum
A
indicates infections
22
Q
rust colored sputum
A
pneumococcal pneumonia (most common pneumonia)
23
Q
frothy pink colored sputum
A
symptom of heart failure
24
Q
hemoptysis
A
blood or blood stained mucus
25
hematemesis
blood in vomit
26
hyperpnea
fast respirations
27
sleep apnea
- occurs during sleeping
28
eupnea
normal breathing
29
assessment of sleep apnea
monitored sleep to asses periods of apnea, frequent and lenghty
30
risk factors for sleep apnea
obesity, upper airway obstruction (large neck, recessed chin)
31
sleep apnea contributes to
heart disease, hypertension atrial fibrillation , DVT
32
cyan-
blue
33
-osis
condition
34
hypoventilation
inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic needs
35
how to asses if someone has hypoventilation
PCO2 > 45
- if continues to climb = respiratory acidosis
36
causes of hypoventilation
damage to CNS, narcotic overdose
37
hypoventilation can cause _______ and ______
hypoxemia
hypoxia
38
hypoxemia manifests in
sleepiness, disorientation
- can cause hypoxia
39
treatment of hypoventilation
oxygen, increase respirations
40
hyperventilation can cause
hypocapnia
41
hypocapnia
PCO2 <35
42
hyperventilation casues
severe anxiety, acute head trauma, pain
43
cyanosis
bluish tinge to skin and mucous membranes
44
cyanosis is an indication of
hypoxemia
45
peripheral cyanosis indicates
low cardiac output
46
central cyanosis
not enough oxygen getting to the periphery
47
clubbing causes
disruption of the normal pulmonary circulation with chronic hypoxemia or chronic low blood oxygen levels
48
clubbing =
chronic condition
49
pain is caused by pulmonary disorders that originates in the
pleurae, airways, or chest wall
50
what are the causes of pain
- infection or inflammation
- pulmonary embolism (PE)
- infection and inflammation of the trachea or bronchi
- excessive coughing
51
hypercapnia
too much carbon dioxide; PCO2 >45
52
hypercapnia causes
decreased drive to breath, chronic conditons
53
hypercapnia signs and symptoms
similar to respiratory acidosis
- vasodilation of blood vessels, depression of the CNS
54
Hypoxemia
reduced oxygen of the arterial blood
55
hypoxia
reduced oxygenation of cells
56
causes of hypoxemia
- poor oxygen delivery to alveoli
- poor movement of oxygen from alveoli to blood
- perfusion of pulmonary capillaries
57
poor movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood is called
V/Q mismatch
58
V/Q mismatch happens when
part of your lung:
- receives oxygen without blood flow
or
- have blood flow without oxygen
59
V/Q mismatch refers to
abnormal distribution of ventilation and perfusion
60
Shunting
blood is moving through the lung but no ventilation
61
shunting example
when the alveoli fills with fluid, causing part of the lung to be unventilated although they are perfused
62
dead space
air is moving into the alveoli; no blood is moving by the lungs
63
dead space example
pulmonary embolism
64
alveolocapillary membrane is impaired
oxygen is there, circulation is there, but gas cannot be exchanged due to membrane impairment
65
alveolocapillary membrane is impaired example
pulmonary edema or fibrosis
66
signs and symptoms of VQ mismatch
aerobic metabolsim stops (increase in serum lactic acid, increased acid production leads to metabolic acidosis)
67
VQ mismatch can lead to
metabolic acidosis
68
acute respiratory failure
inadequate gas exchange
PaO2 <60 or high PCO2 >50
Ph <7.25
69
pulmonary embolism causes
- blood clots that travel to deep veins
- fat from the marrow of a broken long bone
- part of a tumor
- air bubbles from medical procedures
70
pulmonary embolism risk factors
immobility, inherited conditions, surgery on bone, broken bone, having central venous lines
71
pulmonary embolism signs and symptoms
- sudden onset of sharp chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypotension and unexplained anxiety
72
VQ scan
- uses radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) to examine airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs
- looks for evidence of clot in the lungs
73
flail chest
segment of rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detatched from the rest of the chest wall
74
flail chest signs and symptoms
chest pain and shortness of breath, ineffective ventilation, pulmonary contusion
75
pukmonary contusion
bleeding into the pleural cavity, can cause poor inflation of lungs hypoventilation with atelectasis
76
flail chest results
increased dead space, decreased intrathoracic pressure, and increased oxygen demand from injured tissue
77
comorbitiy considerations for flail chest
- obesity
- scoliosis
- impaired muscle function
78
scoliosis
curving of the spine (harder to inflate lungs)
79
impaired muscle function can be caused by
muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, gullian barre syndrome (GBS)
80
primary pneumothorax
spontaneous; closed
- no opening of the skin in the chest wall
- whole on the surface of the lung
- air moves from inside the lung to the plural speace
81
secondary pneumothorax
trauma; open
- opening of the chest wall
- air moves from outside body to the plural space
82
Pneumothorax
collapsed lung
83
closed
air pressure is < barometric pressure
84
open
- air pressure in the pleural space = barometric pressure
85
complication of pneumothorax
tension pneumothrorax
86
tension pneumothorax
- tracheal deviation away from affected lung
- hypotension
87
signs and symptoms of pneumothorax
pleural pain, increased respirations and heart rate
88
pleural effusion
build up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lung
89
Transudative (hydrothorax)
- change in the hydrostatic pressure
- fluid leaking from the capillaries surrounding area
90
exudative
- infection or inflammation
91
empysema
pus seen in pneumonia, lung abscesses, or localized infection
92
hemothorax
blood seen in trauma, surgery, rupture
93
chylothorax
lymph and fatty fluid seen in rare complication of surgeries in the neck and mediastinum
94
Aspiration
relatively large amount of material from the stomach or mouth entering the lungs
- rapid onset
95
aspiration predisposing factors
altered LOC, seizure disorders, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
96
aspiration signs and symptoms
sudden onset of chocking and intractable cough, fever, dyspnea, wheezing
97
aspiration risk factors
weak cough, unconscious patient, poor gag reflex, unable to swallow properly
98
prevention for aspiration
semi-fowler for tube feelings, promobility agents, NG
99
atelectasis
collapse or closure of alveoli, not filled with fluid
100
atelectasis causes
blocked airway (obstruction) or pressure from outside the lung (nonobstructive)
101
what is a common cause of atelectasis
anestesia
102
causes of atelectasis
- general anesthesia
- compression (collapse)
- absorption
- surfactant impairment
103
atelectasis signs and symptoms
dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
104
what is the main reason an incentive spirometer is used after surgery
atelectasis
105
pulmonary edema
excess fluid in the lungs
106
what is the most common cause of pulmonary edema
congestive heart failure
107
pulmonary edema causes
- congestive heart failure
- capillary injury
- obstruction of the lymphatic system
108
pulmonary edema signs and symptoms
dyspnea, hypoxemia, increased work of breathing, inspiratory crackles, dullness to percussion to lower lobes
109
how to diagnosis pulmonary edema
chest x-ray, presence of pink frothy sputum
110
pulmonary flash edema
- rapid onset of pulmonary edema
111
causes of flash pulmonary edema
myocardial infraction, heart failure
112
Asthma
- common long tern inflammatory disease of the bronchial mucosa
- causes bronchial hyper-responsiveness, constriction, obstruction
113
asthma risk factors
age of onset, levels of allergen exposure, air pollution, tobacco smoke, recurrent respiratory infections
114
symptoms of asthma episodes
wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
115
COPD
long tern breathing problems and poor airflow
- covers both chronic bronchitis and emphysema
116
COPD symptoms
shortness of breath, cough with sputum productions
- symptoms cannot be reverses
117
chronic bronchitis and emphysema are _______ of COPD
phenotypes
118
COPD prevention
quit smoking, wash your hands, avoid air pollution, wear protective mask
119
Chronic bronchitis is called
blue bloaters
120
chronic bronchitis symptoms
chronic, productive cough; purulent sputum; hemoptysis; mild dyspnea; cyanosis; peripheral edema; crackles; wheezes; obese
121
Emphysema (pink puffers) symptoms
dyspnea; mild cough; pink skin; pushed lip breathing; cachexia; hyperinflation, barrel chest; decreased breath sounds; tachypnea
122
cystic fibrosis
change or mutation is gene called CFTR
123
cystic fibrosis effect on the lungs
mucus plugging, chronic inflammation and infections, 75% bacteria colonization
124
acute bronchitis
- viral infection of the bronchial tubes; narrows the airways
- develops 3-4 days after a cold or flu
125
manifestations of acute bronchitis
fever, cough, malaise like pneumonia
126
what are the categories of pneumonia
CAP
HAP
VAP
HCAP
127
CAP
community acquired pneumonia
- no contact with anyone in the hospital
128
HAP
hospital aquires pneumonia
129
VAP
ventilator associated pneumonia
130
HCAP
heath care associated pneumonia
131
risk factors for pneumococcal pneumonia
- age
- smoking
- immunosupression
- altered level of conciousness
- difficultly swallowing
132
pneumococcal pneumonia
most common pneumonia
133
Pneumococcal pneumonia mainfestations
upper respiratory tract infection
- fever, chills, productive or dry cough, malaise, pleural pain
134
Covid -19 symptoms
fever, dry cough, fatigue
less common: aches and pains, sore throat, conjectivitis, loss of taste or smell
135
covid 19 is spread
through droplets from nose or mouth
136
symtoms of laryngeal cancer
hoarseness, dyspnea, and cough
137
two main types of lung cancers
- non small cells lung cancer
- neuroendocrine tumours
138
types of non-small cell lung cancer
- Adenocarcinoma
- Squamous cell
- Large cell carcinomas
139
adenocarcarcinoma
- most common form
- usually begins in the outer regions of the lung
140
squamous cell carcinoma
- tends to cause early symptoms
141
large cell carcinoma
- grows rapidly and causes late symptoms
- usually begins in the outer edges of the lungs
142
infections of the upper respiratory system
- croup
- tonsilitis
- aspiration
- bronchiolitis
Pathophysiology
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
-
Tissue Repair112
-
Infection and Immune System128
-
Fluid and Electrolytes130
-
Acid Base Balance42
-
Neoplasia63
-
Endocrine System95
-
Pain and Thermodynamics49
-
Respiratory Function142
-
Genetics34
-
Vessels87
-
Cardiovascular Heart101
-
Gastrointestinal pt. 1164
-
Gastrointestinal pt. 2156
-
Neurological system137
-
Trauma and Injury (Nervous System)86
-
Cerebral Vascular and Infectious Disorders82
-
Alterations in Neurological Function112
-
Hematology128
-
Renal Disorders104
-
Musculoskeletal System pt.1103
-
Musculoskeletal system pt.248
-
Reproductive System128
