Pathophysiology > Vessels > Flashcards

Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

varicose veins

A
  • distended, torturous, palpable vessel resulting from the pooling of blood
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2
Q

varicose vein causes

A
  • trauma to the valves in the saphenous veins
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3
Q

edema in varicose vein is due to ___________pressure

A

increased hydrostatic pressure

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4
Q

what causes gradual venous distention

A

gravity

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5
Q

edema is due to

A

increased hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

causes of gradual venous distention

A

individuals who stand for a long time, wear constricting gametes, or cross the legs at the knees

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7
Q

causes of varicose veins

A

Trauma that damages the valves in the sapenous vein
- valves do not move blood back up; gravity causes blood to pool

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8
Q

risk factors for varicose veins

A
  • age
  • gender (female)
  • family history
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
  • DVT
  • previous leg injury
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9
Q

varicose veins treatment (conservative and invasive)

A
  • conservative: elevate legs, wear compression stockings, preform physical exercise
  • invasive: surgical ligation, vein resection, vein stripping
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10
Q

what happens if varicose veins are not treated

A

formation of collateral blood vessels
- alternative vessels deeper in the leg will develop and detour aroun the varicose vein

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11
Q

what is chronic venous insufficiency

A
  • inadequate venous return over a prolonged period
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12
Q

chronic venous insufficiency is most common in

A

obese patients

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13
Q

chronic venous insufficiency causes

A
  • vascular incompetence
  • obesity
  • venous hypertension, circulatory stasis, and tissue hypoxia
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14
Q

chronic venous insufficiency symptoms

A
  • edema of the extremities
  • hyperpigmentation of feet and ankles
  • cellular demand for oxygens and removal of metabolic needs is not fully met
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15
Q

treatment for chronic venous insufficiency

A
  • elevate legs, compression stockings, physical exercise
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16
Q

thromboembolism occurs more frequently in

A

veins
- due to lower pressure

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17
Q

Deep Vein thrombus causes

A
  • venous stasis (immobility, age, heart failure)
  • venous endothelial damage (trauma, IV meds)
  • hypercoagulative states (inherited disorders, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, malignancy)
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18
Q

Risk for developing DVT

A
  • orthopaedic trauma/surgery
  • spinal cord injury
  • obstetric/gynaecological conditions
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19
Q

DVT manifestations

A
  • leg pain starting in calf (cramping)
  • red or discoloured skin on legs
  • feeling of warmth
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20
Q

DVT prevention

A

early ambulation, pneumatic devices, prophylactic anticoagulation

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21
Q

diagnosis of DVT

A

doppler ultrasound

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22
Q

treatment of DVT

A
  • low molecular weight heparin
  • prevention of inferior vena cava (IVC) filter
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23
Q

hypertension

A

consistent elevation of arterial blood pressure
- systolic >140
- diastolic >90

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24
Q

hypertension signs and symptoms

A
  • often “silent killer” (asymptomatic)
  • heart disease, renal insufficiency, impaired mobility, vision loss, headache, epitaxis, confusion, dyspnea
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25
hypertension diagnostics
- repeated BP measurements - bloodwork: CBC, electrolytes, creatine, glucose - ECG
26
hypertension treatment
- lifestyle modifications (exercise, diet, smoking, obesity) - medications
27
Beta 1
- increased heart rate and contraction
28
alpha 1 receptors
peripheral vasoconstriction
29
Primary hypertension results from
- sympathetic NS (epinephrine and norepinephrine) - overly active RAAS - diabetes - Diet - chronic inflammation - obesity
30
secondary hypertension
results from an underlying disease (renal vascular disease, adrenal tumours, medications)
31
secondary hypertension treatment
- resolve underlying disease
32
complicated primary hypertension
- uncontrolled hypertension - hypertension causes the problems
33
complicated primary hypertension examples
- left ventricular hypertrophy, angina pectoris, heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardial infraction - renal complications: arterial sclerosis, renal insufficiency or failure - Cardiovascular: transient ishemia, stroke, cerebral thrombus, aneurysm, haemorrhage, dementia
34
hypertensive crisis is also called
malignant hypertension
35
hypertensive crisis
- rapidly progressive hypertension - medical emergency
36
hypertensive crisis causes
- chronic hypertension , pregnancy, adrenal failure
37
hypertensive crisis process
- increased arterial pressure - vascular fluid pushed into the interstitial space - cerebral edema or cerebral encephalopathy - death
38
hypotension symptoms
fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, nausea, clammy skin, depression, loss of consciousness, blurry vision
39
hypotension acute causes
pregnancy (increased blood demand), blood loss, impaired circulation (heart attacks of faulty valves), dehydration, anaphylaxis, infections of the bloodstream, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, thyroid disease
40
orthostatic hypotension
- a decrease in systolic BP >20 or decrease in Diastolic BP >10 within 3 mins of changing position - when individual stands blood pools (normal arterial blood pressure cannot be maintained)
41
orthostatic hypotension occurs more in
men
42
orthostatic hypotension treatment
sit before standing to allow body to compensate, don't cross legs, education
43
orthostatic hypotension is a result of
reflex mechanism dysfunctional or inadequate
44
aneurysm
dilation or outpatching of a blood vessel
45
true aneurysm
all 3 layers of the arterial wall
46
false aneurysm
extravascular hematoma
47
dissecting aneurysm
- splits the vessel wall along the lenght of the vessel
48
dissecting aneurysm most commonly occur in the
thoracic or abdominal aorta
49
aneurysm risks
genetic and environmental (smoking and diet)
50
aneurysm causes
- atherosclerosis (plaque formation erodes wall and causes inflammation) - hypertension (increases stress on vessel wall)
51
aneurysm manifestation
- dependent on location - asymptomatic until they rupture (hypotension and severe back pain; large amounts of internal bleeding usually moves to lower extremities)
52
thoracic aneurysm manifestation
dysphagia, dyspea
53
femoral aneurysm symtoms
if effecting circulation ischemia to the lower limbs
54
cerebral aneuryms often occurs in
the circle of wilis
55
cerbral aneurysm manifestations
incresased intercranial pressurem signs of stroke when cerebral aneurysm leak
56
aortic aneurysms manifestations
dissection, hemorrhage, or rupture
57
aneurysm diagnosis
ultrasound, CT, most often angiography
58
aneurysm treatment
Symptomatic: repaired surgically asymptomatic: stop smoking , decreased BP
59
embolism
blus of matter circulating in the bloodstream
60
embolism manifestations
ishemia or infraction in the tissues distal to obstruction, producing organ disfunction and pain
61
embolism can cause
- myocardial infraction - stroke
62
pulmonary embolism originate on
the venous side (DVT)
63
arterial embolism originate in the
left ventricle after MI, vascular disease, endocarditis, dysrhythmia
64
embolism is a result of
- dislodged thrombus - air bubble (IV lines, chest trauma) - amniotic fluid (intraabdominal pressure during delivery) - fat (trauma to long bones) - bacteria (subacute bacterial endocarditis) - cancer cells - foreign body
65
what are the 2 examples of peripheral vascular disease
- Buergers Disease - Raynauds Phenomenon
66
Buerger's Disease
- inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries associated with smoking - formation of thrombi which overtime become organized and fibrotic resulting in permanent occlusion
67
what develops in buergers disease
colateral vessels - they are inadequate (not quick enough, decreased blood vessels)
68
Buergers disease symptoms
pain and tenderness, sluggish backflow, rubor (redness) of skin, shiny skin, nails thick and deformed
69
Beurgers disease is associated with
stroke, mensenteric disease, and rheumatic symptoms (joint pain)
70
beurgers disease diagnosis
<45 years of age, history of smoking, evidence of peripheral ischemia
71
beurgers disease treatment
stop smoking, vasodilators, exercise (promote blood flow)
72
Raynauds phenomenon
- attacks of vasospasm in small arteries and arterioles (usually fingers; feet less common)
73
Raynauds disease primary disease
unknown
74
raynauds secondary phenomenon
associated with systemic diseases (lupus)
75
treatments for raynauds phenomenon
removal of stimulus (cold, stress), medications
76
arteriosclerosis
thickening and hardening of vessel wall
77
atheroscleerosis
build up of plaque (lipid material) on artery walla - a form of arteriosclerosis
78
what is the leading cuase of coronary artery disease and cerebralvascular disease
atherosclerosis
79
Atherosclerosis risk factors
smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of LDL, decreased levels of HDL
80
atherosclerosis is caused by
increased consumption of fat cholesterol and LDL foods, hypertension. smoking, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipedemia, insulin resistance, periodontal disease
81
atherosclerosis manifestations
transient ischemic events, exercise or stress thrombus resulting in tissue infraction, obstruction of peripheral arteries (pain)
82
atherosclerosis examination
decreased blood flow to tissues, dtermine glucose and lipid (LDL, HDL) levels
83
atherosclerosis treatment
- medications (stabilize or reverse plaque before rupture) - reduce risks (exercise, stop smoking, decrease LDL and cholesterol, control hypertension)
84
Peripheral artery disease
- atherosclertic disease of the arteries in the limb - intermittent claudication (normally pain free but increase in activity in the vessels cannot handle increased blood flow)
85
gradula peripheral artery disease
pain with ambulation
86
acute peripheral artery disease
thrombus formation over athersclerotic lesion
87
peripheral artery disease risk factors
smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of LDL, decreased levels of HDL
Pathophysiology
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