Restless Earth

Question 1

Describe with diagrams how fold mountains form.

Answer 1

Question 2

Name the 3 types of plate boundaries, the features found on them and an example.

Answer 2

Question 3

Draw diagrams and compare Shield and Composite volcanoes.

Remember to compare the types of lava, and guess which volcano has which type of lava.

Answer 3

Additional info:

• Pahoehoe lava is less viscous and slightly hotter.
• Aa lava is more viscous and slightly cooler.
• Composite volcanoes have Aa lava.
• Shield volcanoes have Pahoehoe lava.

[IGNORE ACIDIC/BASIC]

Question 4

Name the 3 types of volcano states.

Answer 4

Question 5

What is a lahar?

Answer 5

A type of mud/debris flow caused by a pyroclastic flow, typically across a river valley.

Question 6

Explain with a diagram how a Volcano is formed.

Answer 6

Question 7

Name some hazards of volcanoes.

Answer 7

Question 8

Which volcano type has more viscous lava?

Answer 8

Composite volcanoes are more viscous,

therefore we also know that Shield Volcanoes are less viscous.

Question 9

If lava is more viscous, is it more or less runny?

Answer 9

More viscous means gloopier, and less runny. It will travel shorter distances.

Question 10

Where do volcanoes tend to be found?

Answer 10

Volcanoes are usually found by plate boundaries.

Most of which are found where the Pacific Plate meets the indo-Australian, North/South American Plates, Eurasian Plate and Philippine Plate; this is known as the Ring of fire.

Question 11

A high silica content makes lava more/less viscous.

Answer 11

A high silica content makes lava more viscous.

Question 12

Name an example of a Shield volcano.

Answer 12

Hekla Volcano in Iceland, on the North American and Eurasian plates.

Question 13

Name an example of a Composite volcano.

Answer 13

Krakatoa Volcano in Indonesia, found on the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates.

Question 14

What is a supervolcano?

Answer 14

A very large volcano that erupts with a massive volume of material - at least 1000 cubed kilometers of magma.

Question 15

Give an example of a supervolcano.

Answer 15

Yellowstone, USA.

Question 16

What are some facts of supervolcanoes?

Answer 16

• 90% of people in a 60 mile radius would be killed by an eruption.
• There would be a 15 mile vertical blast.
• 250 cubic miles of ash, dust and gas would erupt.

Question 17

What would people be killed by in a supervolcano?

Answer 17

• Pyroclastic flows - heat.
• Ash inhalation.
• Freezing.
• Explosion from impact.

Question 18

Name some short-term impacts of a supervolcano.

Answer 18

• Air would be sucked out from underground bunkers.
• Buildings destroyed - roofs collapse under pressure from ash.

Question 19

Name some long-term impacts of a supervolcano.

Answer 19

Any of the following:

• Covers 1/2 of US.
• Roots covered by ash.
• Cars and planes crash/destroyed.
• Effects visible from space.
• Effects visible for >2 million years.
• Acid rain.
• Could cause mini ice age due to dust volume in atmosphere.
• Farms/plants wouldn’t have much sunlight.
• Darkness.
• Clogged up water supplies.
• Economic impact.
• Social impact.

Question 20

What is a geosyncline?

Answer 20

The seabed in which sediment is deposited.

Question 21

What are the three types of rock folds?

Answer 21

Question 22

An ocean trench forms when…

Answer 22

An ocean trench forms when subduction occurs on the oceanic plate.

Question 23

Draw a diagram and label an Earthquake.

Answer 23

Question 24

Name 3 ways that volcanoes can be monitored.

Answer 24

Question 25

Name an example of a **Fold Mountain range**, **including the plates**.

Answer 25

**The Alps** *(France, Switzerland, Italy etc...)*, **Indian and Eurasian Plates**.

Question 26

What are the **two types of earthquake scales**?

Answer 26

* **Richter scale** - Based on the **magnitude of the Earthquake**. Goes up in numbers **logarithmically**. * **Mercalli scale** - Measures the **intensity based on its effect on people and buildings**. Based on **observations** - not from a machine. Comparisons can be made between the two such as **precision**, **accuracy**, **reliability**, **understandability**, **visibility of effects** etc...

Question 27

**Earthquake waves** are **also known as what**?

Answer 27

**Seismic waves**.

Question 28

Name some effects of earthquakes.

Answer 28

Question 29

What **additional support** do **MEDC's** have in an **Earthquake** scenario?

Answer 29

Any of the following: * **Emergency broadcasts**. * **Education** on what to do in an Earthquake. * **Insurance**. * **Survival packs**. * **Call for help (Mobile)**. * **Trained emergency services**. * **Rapid rescue response**. However, **MEDC's do not usually get aid**.

Question 30

What is the **area between two tectonic plates** sometimes also referred to as?

Answer 30

**Fault lines**.

Question 31

Name some **examples** of ways **humans have responded to earthquakes** to better prepare for them.

Answer 31

Any of the following: * Building structures with **shock absorbing foundations**. * **Education**. * **Fire Prevention**. * **Trained Emergency Services**. * **Land Use Planning**. * **Monitoring animal behaviour**. * **Monitoring fault lines**. * **Monitoring groundwater levels**. * **Lubricate fault lines** using **water** and **oil**. * Installing a l**arge concrete slab on top of a building** to move in the opposite direction to **counteract the quake movement**. * Install **cross bracing** to existing buildings. * Build **single story buildings**. * **Triangular shaped buildings**. * **Automatic shutters on buildings with glass windows**. * **Insurance/Aid**.

Question 32

You should be able to **define these 3 words**: * **Prediction**. * **Planning**. * **Preparation**.

Answer 32

* **Prediction** - Guessing what's going to happen. * **Planning** - Structured organisation for something. * **Preparation** - Getting ready for something.