Review Sheet 2

Question 1

What types of cells form the myelin sheaths surrounding axons on neurons in the CNS and PNS?

Answer 1

Oligodendocytes in CNS

Schwann cells make up PNS

Question 2

what are spaces between cells called?

Answer 2

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 3

What type of conduction occurs along the axons of myelinated neurons?

Answer 3

Saltatory conduction

Question 4

What are physical symptoms of MS?

Answer 4

slower movement
numbness
vision loss

Question 5

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 5

• diagnosed early on
• body doesn’t secrete enough insulin
• treated with insulin injections

Question 6

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 6

• diagnosed in adulthood
• body doesn’t respond to insulin
• fix by diet and exercise and a low carb diet

Question 7

Graded potential

Answer 7

• depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
• amplitude is small
• amplitude is based from strength of stimulus
• longer graded potentials
• refractory period
• decremental

Question 8

Action Potential

Answer 8

• depolarizing
• amplitude is long
• amplitude is all or none
• shorter graded potentials
• no refractory period
• non-decremental

Question 9

What is Glaucoma?

Answer 9

compromised vision

treated by draining fluid and marijuana

Question 10

What are cataracts?

Answer 10

• cloudy lens

- surgical removal of lens

Question 11

What is Presbyopia?

Answer 11

-when lens loses ability to accommodate

Question 12

What is macular degeneration?

Answer 12

degeneration of macular ludea

Question 13

What is wet MD?

Answer 13

-abmornal growth of blood vessels in eye

Question 14

What is dry MD?

Answer 14

accumulation of dusssen in eye

Question 15

What are the 4 major lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 15

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Question 16

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 16

motor cortex

Question 17

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 17

sensory cortex

Question 18

What is the function of the occipital lobe

Answer 18

vision

Question 19

What is the function of the temporal lobe

Answer 19

auditory function

Question 20

What are the 5 components of a reflex arc

Answer 20

1. receptor
2. Afferent neuron transmits impulse to CNS
3. Interneuron integration
4. Motor neuron conducts efferent impulses from integration to efferent organ
5. Effector -fiber or gland responds

Question 21

What is the resting potential for a typical neuron?

Answer 21

-70

Question 22

Any potential other than 0

Answer 22

polarization

Question 23

Potential becoming more positive

Answer 23

depolarization

Question 24

Potential returning to resting potential

Answer 24

repolarization

Question 25

Potential becoming more negative

Answer 25

hydrapolarization

Question 26

Basic function of sympathetic division

Answer 26

fight or flight

Question 27

basic function of parasympathetic division

Answer 27

rest and digest

Question 28

What are antagonistic hormones

Answer 28

hormones that effects counter one another

Question 29

2 pairs ot anatagonistic hormones and their function

Answer 29

insulin and glucagon - insulin stores fat - glucagon represses fat storage Calcitonin and PTH -calcitonin lowers blood calcium and PTH raises it

Question 30

Pathway of sound

Answer 30

``` Pinna Auditory canal Tympanic membrane Ossicles Oval window Chochlea Hair cells Auditory nerve ```

Question 31

What is farsightedness =

Answer 31

- hyperopia ( eye too short) | - closer objects appear blurred

Question 32

What is nearsightedness

Answer 32

- myopia (eye too long) | - image formed in front of retina not on it

Question 33

What are the stages of sleep

Answer 33

``` NREM 1. between awake and sleep 2. muscle activity continues to decrease (MOST) 3. deep sleep REM ```

Question 34

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 34

Keeps brain from circulatory system which keeps toxins out

Question 35

What 2 types of cells are essential in forming this barrier?

Answer 35

Astrocyte | Endothelial

Question 36

What are the 2 types of equillibrium

Answer 36

Static and Dynamic

Question 37

What structures are responsible for maintaining static eq?

Answer 37

Saccual and Utricle

Question 38

What structure are responsible for maintaining dynamic?

Answer 38

Semicircular canals

Question 39

Feels horizontal movement

Answer 39

utricle

Question 40

feels vertical movement

Answer 40

saccule

Question 41

What is the synaptic cleft?

Answer 41

space between one neuron and another neuron or tissue

Question 42

How do impulses travel from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic cell?

Answer 42

Ca+ channels open Ca2+ induced exocytosis of synaptic Neurotransmitter transmits signal across cleft

Question 43

Gigantism

Answer 43

hyper secretion of GH during childhood

Question 44

Dwarfism

Answer 44

hypo secretion in childhood

Question 45

Acromeglie

Answer 45

hyper secretion during adulthood

Question 46

Where are Brocas and Wernickes area?

Answer 46

left hemisphere

Question 47

Function of Broca's area

Answer 47

coordinate fine motor functions involved in speech

Question 48

Function of Wernickes area

Answer 48

Comprehends language

Question 49

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 49

speech becomes poorly articulated

Question 50

Wernicke's Aphasia

Answer 50

speak easily but cannot understand language

Question 51

What are the protective layers of tissue surround the CNS from DEEP to SUPERFICIAL?

Answer 51

``` Pia mater subarachnoid space arachnoid subdural (CSF) dura mater epidural ```

Question 52

How are receptor fields measured?

Answer 52

2 pt discrimination test

Question 53

What is a tropic hormone

Answer 53

Tropic hormones control the secretion of the hormones

Question 54

GnRH

Answer 54

tropic hormone | -stimulates follicle stimulating hormone

Question 55

Effects complement each other

Answer 55

anatagonistic

Question 56

Systems produce similar effects

Answer 56

complementary

Question 57

Systems work together for final goal

Answer 57

Cooperative

Question 58

Where does an image travel when it goes through the eye?

Answer 58

- light enters through cornea - bends light through pupil - adjusted light passes through lens - light goes son to retina and light is converted into electrical impulses - travels to optic nerve