What is accumulation in the context of ice sheet processes?
Gain of ice (snowfall → compaction → ice)
Accumulation contributes to the overall mass balance of glaciers.
Define ablation.
Loss of ice (melting, calving, sublimation)
Ablation is a key factor in determining glacial mass balance.
What does ice flow refer to?
Movement of ice from interior → coast
Ice flow is essential for understanding glacier dynamics.
Name two atmospheric drivers contributing to Greenland’s melting.
- Rising air temperatures
- Increased surface melt
These factors significantly influence the rate of ice loss.
What are two oceanic drivers of Greenland’s ice melting?
- Warmer ocean currents
- Melting at glacier fronts
Oceanic conditions play a crucial role in glacier dynamics.
True or false: Melting in Greenland is solely due to air temperature.
FALSE
Melting also involves water temperature and oceanic influences.
What is the albedo positive feedback loop?
Reduced albedo (less reflection, more absorption)
This loop accelerates warming and ice melt.
What evidence indicates that ice loss in Greenland is accelerating?
- Ice loss accelerating since 2000
- Glacier retreat (Jakobshavn, Petermann)
- Large calving events
- Continuous mass loss since 2002
These observations highlight the urgency of climate change impacts.
How should you structure your answer to questions about ice sheet processes?
- Define process
- Explain it clearly
- Link to Greenland
- Add evidence
This structure helps in organizing thoughts and presenting a coherent argument.
In the context of Greenland, what are some positive economic impacts of melting ice?
- Increased access to natural resources (oil, gas, minerals)
- Growth in mining and exploration industries
- Improved fishing conditions
- Growth in tourism
These factors can enhance economic opportunities in the short term.
What are some negative impacts of melting ice in Greenland?
- Global sea level rise threatening coastal settlements
- Environmental degradation from mining and oil extraction
- Disruption of traditional lifestyles (fishing, hunting)
- Limited job opportunities for local communities due to foreign workers
These impacts highlight the long-term challenges posed by climate change.
What is the overall assessment of melting ice in Greenland?
Creates short-term economic opportunities, but long-term social and environmental impacts are largely negative
This assessment reflects the complexity of climate change effects.
What is the location and distribution of different types of tourism and tourist destinations?
- Tourism is unevenly distributed globally
- Greenland → polar region → glacier-based, nature tourism
- Cameroon → tropical region → ecotourism, cultural, adventure
- Tourism clusters in areas with attractive natural or human features
Understanding the geographical distribution helps in planning and promoting tourism effectively.
What are the characteristics of domestic and international tourism?
- Domestic tourism = travel within a country (cheaper, no passport)
- International tourism = travel between countries (higher cost, visas required)
- Greenland → mainly international tourists
- Cameroon → mix of domestic and international
The distinction affects travel costs, regulations, and tourist demographics.
What are the characteristics of ethical tourism?
- Minimises environmental damage
- Respects local cultures
- Supports local economies
- Greenland → controlled tourism to protect fragile ice environments
- Cameroon → ecotourism supports conservation and local communities
Ethical tourism aims to create a positive impact on destinations and their inhabitants.
How have the characteristics of tourism changed over time?
- Increase in global tourism
- Growth of sustainable/ethical tourism
- Greenland → increased interest due to climate change
- Cameroon → gradual development of tourism industry
These changes reflect evolving consumer preferences and global challenges.
How do natural and human characteristics affect tourism?
- Greenland → glaciers, ice fjords attract tourists
- Cameroon → rainforests, beaches, mountains attract tourists
- Human features (culture, settlements) also influence tourism
The interplay between natural beauty and cultural heritage is crucial for attracting visitors.
How does transport and communication infrastructure affect tourism?
- Greenland → limited airports, no road network → restricts tourism
- Cameroon → limited but improving infrastructure → allows some access
- Better infrastructure = increased tourism
Infrastructure development is essential for facilitating tourist movement and access to attractions.
How do international agreements and national policies affect tourism?
- Policies control visas, environmental protection, tourism development
- Greenland → strict environmental protections
- Cameroon → policies aim to develop tourism but may be inconsistent
Effective policies can enhance tourism growth while ensuring sustainability.
How do changing income and lifestyles affect tourism?
- Higher incomes → more travel
- More leisure time → increased tourism
- Greenland → attracts wealthy tourists
- Cameroon → more accessible to a wider range
Economic factors significantly influence travel behavior and destination choices.
How do investment and marketing affect tourism?
- Investment improves infrastructure and facilities
- Marketing attracts tourists
- Greenland → niche marketing (Arctic experiences)
- Cameroon → limited marketing reduces global awareness
Strategic investment and effective marketing are crucial for tourism development.
How do regional occurrences affect tourism?
- Events, disasters, disease, political situations impact tourism
- Greenland → climate change impacts glaciers
- Cameroon → political instability reduces tourism
External factors can significantly disrupt tourism flows and visitor confidence.
What is the spatial association between factors affecting tourism?
- Relationship between factors in a location
- Example:
- Greenland → airports located near tourist sites
- Cameroon → poor infrastructure limits access to attractions
Understanding spatial relationships helps in planning and optimizing tourism resources.
How are geospatial technologies used by the tourism industry?
- GPS, GIS, online maps used for navigation and planning
- Used in both Greenland and Cameroon to guide tourists and manage tourism
Geospatial technologies enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of tourism management.
