Types of sampling
Random (most effective- least bias) selecting individuals by chance
Non random: three types
Opportunitistuc- least effective generalised uses conveniently available organisms)
Stratified (good)- random sample from group with same characteristics
Systematic- Line transects sees how habitat as and organisms change when moving to different regions
Sampling animals
A pooter - ant infestation in mouth
Pit full traps- traps slugs and beetles
Tree beating- shake a tree catch debris
Kick river and collect debris
Why can a sample never be reliable
Bias
Chance (may not be fully representative)
What us a Point Quadrat
Horizontal bar where uncanny put a pin in it and slide it across and count everything the pin touches
How do we use frames quardrats
Counting density - counting how many organisms in each Quadrat
Counting frequencies - different type of species in a square of a quadrant in proportion of the whole thing
Percentage count- guess
What is sampling
Taking measurements of limited amounts of species in an area
How do u estimate population size
The capture mark release recapture method
What is an abiotic factor and example
Non living condition
Wind
Light
Humidity
Ph
Temp
How do we calculate biodiversity
Us using Simpsons index
Factors effecting genetic biodiversity (increases and decreases)
Increase-
Mutation
Interbreeding between DIFFERENT POPULATIONS
Decrease-
Selective breeding(breeding best if the best)
Captive breeding (zoos)
Artificial cloning
Natural Selection
Genetic bottleneck (only small amount of animals survive and event so gene pool is reduced)
Founder effect (small grp of ppl make new colony so limited gene pool)
Genetic drift overtime genes dissolve
How do humans effect biodiversity
Agriculture
Deforestation
Climate Change
Reasons to maintain biodiversity
Aesthetic reasons:
Looks pretty
Inspiration for writers
Injury recovery
Economic reason:
Maintain hardwood and timber
Reduces ability to make crops
More diversity = new products
Protect abiotic factors from us
Ecological reason:
All animals are dependent on each other
2types of conservation
In stitu- in habitat
Ex stitu- out of habitat
Describe in stitu
Help organism to adapt to its natural environment and maintain diversity
In wildlife parks-
Controlled grazing
Re introduce species
Remove invasive species
Restrictions human access and poaching
Describe ex stitu
Botanical gardens
Seed banks
Captive breeding(produce offspring in human controlled environments)
They do this bcs of:
Diseases
Behaviour
Genetic race
Habitat
