Schema theory

Question 1

what is visual schema

Answer 1

• a set of rules determine which category a new set of visual stimuli should be classified into
• stereotypes
• classifying a dog as a “dog” without having ever seen that particular dog before

Question 2

what are the two states of memory in adam’s theory

Answer 2

1. Memory trace: initiates a movement and its initial trajectory
2. Perceptual trace: guides the limb to the correct location through the movement
   - perceptual trace is then compared with feedback to make adjustments to correct the limb position
   - accuracy of movement improves the strengthening perceptual trace by exposure to feedback and KR

Question 3

is adams theory open or closed loop

Answer 3

closed loop

Question 4

limitations of adams theory

Answer 4

1. storage problem
   - store a motor program for every single movement
2. Novelty problem
   - how do you learn a new skill if you have never performed it

Question 5

schema theory of discrete motor skills

Answer 5

attempts to explain how we learn -discrete perceptual motor skills

• focuses on the development of motor programs and their response specifications
• 3 things required to perform a skill:
  1. Generalized motor program
  2. Recall schema
  3. Recognition schema

Question 6

recall schema

Answer 6

• engaged BEFORE deciding on a movement response

- assesses initial conditions and response specifications to determine GMP

Question 7

GMP

Answer 7

• pre-structured commands for a number of movements if the specific response specifications are provided
• parameters that can be varied before the movement begins

Question 8

recognition schema

Answer 8

• evaluates the movement from sensory info
• expected proprioceptive feedback
• anticipated exteroceptive feedback
• used during and after the movement response
• expected sensory consequences are compared to the actual sensory consequences of the ongoing movement to evaluate efficiency of response

Question 9

what is error labeling

Answer 9

comparing actual and expected sensory consequences

Question 10

two ways for error labeling

Answer 10

1. KR: more accurate at updating our recall schema
2. Subjective reinforcement: used in absence of KR
   goal: to update our recall schema and help minimize errors
   - error labeling system: a schema for labeling sensory signals

Question 11

steps to producing a movement

Answer 11

1. Response specifications are selected
2. Simultaneously expected feedback is selected
   - the movement can now be initiated
3. Error is fed back to the schema
4. KR is fed back to the schema
   - learning is possible by feeding back the essential error info to the schemata

Question 12

what was the activity for schema

Answer 12

• beer pong
• throwing a ping pong ball is a discrete action
• it require the use of recall and recognition schema for each successive attempt
• its measurable

Question 13

where are we know with schema theory

Answer 13

• 44-year-old theory, that is still on of the most influential theories in motor learning, behavior and control
• dubbed a citation classic in 1994
• appealed to more than just scientists in traditional motor learning
• researchers are calling on a new theory to be developed

Question 14

support for schema

Answer 14

• the generalized motor program is still widely used term and the restrained arm experiment supports the idea of GMP
• error labelling system supported by Newell and Boucher
• recall schema supported by being able to accurately write out your signature small or large

Question 15

a contending theory to schema

Answer 15

• dynamic systems theory
• movement behavior is the result of complex interactions between many different subsystems in the body, the task at hand and the environment

Question 16

rapid vs slow movement

Answer 16

Rapid movement: feedback at the end

Slow movement: feedback during the movement

Question 17

active vs passive

Answer 17

Active- activating your muscles to do something

Passive- someone’s moving your body for you- physio therapy

Question 18

application of the research

Answer 18

• coaches should regulate feedback as it can have positive effects on the GMP
• random practice better for the GMP than block practice
• pairing these two leads to best results when teaching and learning a GMP as it forces the learner to reconstruct the solution each trail