1
Q
What is schizophrenia
A
A serve mental illness where contact with reality is lost
2
Q
What is a positive symptom
A
Atypical symptoms experience in addition to normal experiences
3
Q
What is a negative symptom
A
Atypical symptoms that represent the loss of usual experience
4
Q
What is co-morbidity
A
The occurrence of two illnesses or conditions together
5
Q
What is symptom overlap
A
When two or more conditions share symptoms
6
Q
What is schizophrenia
A
A mental disorder characterised by serious disruption in psychological functioning and a loss of contact with reality
7
Q
What is a positive symptom
A
A behaviour that is present but would not be seen in ordinary people
8
Q
What are auditory hallucinations
A
Hearing things that aren’t there
9
Q
What is a visual hallucination
A
Seeing things that aren’t there
10
Q
What are delusions
A
Believing things that aren’t true
11
Q
What are the types of delusions
A
Grandeur
Persecution
12
Q
What is a delusion of grandeur
A
Thinking you are someone
13
Q
What is a delusion of persecution
A
Someone is after them
14
Q
What is though control
A
Believing their thoughts are being interfere with in some way including thought withdrawal, intersection or broadcast
15
Q
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia
A
Visual hallucinations
Auditory hallucinations
Thought control
Delusions
16
Q
What is a negative symptoms
A
A behaviour that is missing but we could normally expect to be displayed
17
Q
What us speech poverty
A
Person tends to speak infrequently and when they do the speech lacks fluency
18
Q
What might a person who has speech poverty do with there sentences
A
Neologism - making up words
Incongruent speech
19
Q
What is avolition
A
Apathy - lack of motivation to carry out tasks
20
Q
What is flattering effect
A
Person dosent tend to show emotional investment
Facial expressions, body language or eye contact
21
Q
What are the onsets of schizophrenia
A
Acute
Chronic
22
Q
What is acute schizophrenia
A
Symptoms appear suddenly
23
Q
What is chronic schizophrenia
A
Where the symptoms are gradual (gradual deterioration)
24
Q
What are the ways in which you can diagnose schizophrenia
A
DSM and ICD
25
What does the DSM-5 state for someone to be diagnosed with schizophrenia
At least one of the positive symptoms below present (delusions, hallucinations , disorganised speech)
26
What does ICD state for someone to be diagnosed with schizophrenia
Two negative symptoms present
27
What where rosenhans aims
To see if it is possible for someone who doesn’t have schizophrenia to be diagnosed
28
What observation did rosenhan use
A participant,covert,naturalistic observation
29
What was rosenhan procedure
8 pseudo patients(one rosenhan)
(Elective mix of people who used false names
Admission into 12 different hospitals
Only symptoms told to give hospitals was they have been hearing voices from a strangers voice that was the same gender as them and voices were unclear but they thought they heard (thud , empty and hollow)
30
What were rosenhans results
12 admissions to hospital 11 were diagnosed with schizophrenia and one with manic depressive psychosis
Remained in the hospital for a range of 7 to 52 days average of 19 days
Behaving normally told their symptoms had stopped
In the 1st admission to hospitals 35 to 118 patients expressed some concern regarding whether or not the pseudo patient were really ill
31
What are strengths of rosenhans study
Greater insight
High ecological validity
Low Demand characteristics
32
What are weakness of rosenhans study
Investigator effect
Lack of internal validity/reliability
Ethical issues
33
What was copeland et als procedure
Gave a description of a patient to 134 US psychiatrist and 194 British psychiatrists
69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed 52 but only 2% of British psychiatrist gave same diagnosis
34
What is reliability in terms of diagnosis of schizophrenia
Refers to the consistency with which the disorder is diagnosed (two patients with the same symptoms should receive the same diagnosis)
35
What was Copeland et al findings show
Shows poor reliability
36
What was read findings
Found a concordance rate of only 38% for second diagnosis by the same psychiatrist
37
What did reads finings show
Shows poor reliability test-reliability
38
What does validity refer to in terms of schizophrenia
Refers to the appropriateness of classification (is there such a thing as schizophrenia)
39
What was cheniaux et al procedure
Had two psychiatrists diagnose patients using both DSM and ICD
40
What were cheniaux et al findings
Found poor criterion validity between manuals,manuals
One diagnosed 26 according to DSM and 44 with ICD
The other diagnosed 13 according to DSM and 24 with ICD
41
What do cheniaux et al findings suggest
Either over diagnoses with ICD or under diagnosed with DSM
42
What are genetics
Inherited DNA strands that produce ‘instructions’ for general and specific physical features
43
What is polygenic
A characteristic determined by more than one gene
44
What are monozygotic twins
Identical twins
45
What are dizygotic twins
Non-identical twins
46
What are Adoption studies
Comparing a child’s similarity to their biological parents and their adopted parents or siblings
47
What are twins studies
Research comparing monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic twins (non identical) where it is assumed they share the same
48
What are neurotransmitters
Brain chemical released from synaptic vesicails that relay signals across the synapse from one neuron to another
49
What is dopamine
A neurotransmitter that generally has an excitatory effect
High levels are associated with schizophrenia
50
What are neural correlates
Patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia
51
What is the prefrontal cortex
A region in the frontal lobe which is involved in highest order activities such as working memory
52
What is the sub cortex
Parts of the frontal region of the brain that lie below the cortex (middle of the brain)
53
What is a biological explanation in terms of schizophrenia
Prevalence of schizophrenia is the same all over the word (about 1%)
This supports a biological view (supports nature side of the debate) as prevalence does not vary with environment
54
What was thought to be true about schizophrenia
Was once though that there was a schizophrenia gene however no single gene has been identified
55
What is schizophrenia in relation to genes
Schizophrenia appears to be polygenetic (influenced by multiple genes)
56
What did ripke et al do
Studies the genetic make up of 37000 patients and found 108 variations of genes associated with schizophrenia
57
What were gottesman and shields aim
Investigate the imptornace of genetic and environmental influences on schizophrenia by comparing MZ and DZ twins
58
What was gottsemen and shields procedure
Sample of 57 Twins
59
What was gottesman and Sheilds findings
Concordance rate of 42% for monozygotic twins (MZ) and 9% for dizygotic twins (DZ)
60
What was gottesman and sheilds procedure
Records of twins from a hospital provided a sample of 392 patients with twins of the same sex (from a total of about 45000 psychiatric patients)
27 females
11 MZ and 16 same sex DZ
30 males
13 MZ and 17 same sex DZ
Total MZ 24
Total DZ 33
Total 57
61
What was gottesman and sheilds procedure what was found in addition to the hospitals diagnosis
Case histories based on self report questionnaires and interview with the twins and their parents to provide a record of verbal behaviour
A personality test
A test used to measure disordered thinking conducted on this and parents
62
What was true about gottesman and sheilds dizygotic twins in the procedure
They were the same sex
63
What was gottesman and sheilds findings
Analysis of the data has looked for similarities between each client and their twin
Concordance was assessed in three different ways
Grade 1: both client and co - twin have been hospitalised and diagnoses with schizophrenia
Grade 2: both client and co-twin have been hospitalised but co-twin different diagnosis
Grade 3: the co-twin has some psychiatric abnormality
Grade 1:
42% monozygotic(MZ) 9% dizygotic (DZ)
Grade 2:
12% monozygotic(MZ) 9% dizygotic (DZ)
Grade 3:
25% Monozygotic (MZ) 27% dizygotic (DZ)
Normal:
21% Monozygotic 55% dizygotic (DZ)
64
What were the 3 grades of assessing concordance in gottesman and shields experiment
Grade 1:
Both client and co-twin have been hospitalised and diagnosed with schizophrenia
Grade 2:
Both client and co-twin have been hospitilised but co-twin has a different diagnosis
Grade 3:
The co-twin has some psychiatric abnormality
65
What were the results for the 3 grades of Concordance
Grade 1:
42% monozygotic (MZ) and 9% dizygotic (DZ)
Grade 2:
12% monozygotic (MZ) and 9% dizygotic (DZ)
Grade 3:
25% monozygotic (MZ) and 27% dizygotic (DZ)
66
What was the result for normal in gottesman and shields experiment
21% monozygotic (MZ) and 55% dizygotic (DZ)
67
What were the findings for grade one in gottesman and shields experiment
42% monozygotic (MZ) and 9% dizygotic (DZ)
68
What were the findings of grade 2 in gottesman and shields experiment
12% monozygotic (MZ) and 9% dizygotic (DZ)
69
What were the findings in grade 3 of gottesman and Shields experiment
25% monozygotic (MZ) and 27% dizygotic (DZ)
70
What was tineris study
Compared adopted - away offspring of biological mothers who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia (high - risk) with
adopted - away offspring of mothers not diagnosed with any mental disorder
71
What were tineris findings
Schizophrenia was diagnosed 5 times higher in the high risk group
72
What are neural correlates
Neural correlates refer to brain structure or function
73
What is the dopamine hypothesis
Neurotransmitters are chemical, messengers that transmit impulse across the synapses between neuron’s
Several neurotransmitters have been implicated in schizophrenia
Hyperopemenergia - schizophrenia is caused by excessive dopamine activity in the sub cortex
Excess in crocus area might explain symptoms such as hallucinations or speech poverty
Many Canadians genes also act on production of dopamine
74
What can cause the dopamine hypothesis / cause excess dopamine
Release of excess of dopmine
An excess of dopamine receptors
Over sensitivity of dopamine receptors
75
What is true about schizophrenia in relation to neurotransmitters
Several neurotransmitters have been implicated in schizophrenia
76
What are neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are the chemical, messanges that transmit impulse across the synapses between neuron’s
77
What is Hyperdopemenergia
Schizophrenia is caused by excessive dopamine activity in the sub cortex
Excess in brocus area might explain symptoms such as hallucinations and speech poverty Many
78
What does excess dopamine in the brocus area explain
Symptoms such as hallucinations or speech poverty Many
79
What are the two types of drug studies in relation to schizophrenia
Phenothiazines (with schizophrenia)
Amphetamines (without schizophrenia)
80
In terms of schizophrenia what is phenothiazines
With schizophrenia
81
What is amphetamines in terms of schizophrenia
Without schizophrenia
82
Who did the drug study for phenothiazines(with schizophrenia)
Tasher et al
83
What did Tasher et al do
Anti-psychotic drugs that block dopamine at the synapse
Alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia
84
Who did the study the study for amphetamines
Curran et al
85
What did curren et al do
Increase dopamine levels and can induce symptoms of schizophrenia in people without
86
What do the drugs study show(evaluation of them)
Cause and effect
87
What did seeman do
Reviewed a number of studies (meta analysis)
88
What did seeman find
60% - 110% increase of dopamine in them with schizophrenia compared to control
89
What is family dysfunction
Abnormal process within a family such as poor communication, cold parenting and high levels of expressed emotion
90
What is the schizophrenogenic mother
Schizophrenia causing mother who is cold and rejecting
91
What is the double bind
A communication style that involves mixed messages
92
What is expressed emotion
A measure of the family environment related to the extent the family members express critical hostile and over involved attitudes towards another member
93
What is are cognitive explanations
Focus on mental process such as thinking language and attention
94
What is dysfunctional though process
Information processing that is not functioning normally and produces undesirable consequences
95
What is the ventral striatum
Major part of the basal gangia and functions a start of the rewards system
96
What is the temporal gyrus
Contains the primary auditory cortex responsible for dealing with sound
97
What is meta representation
Cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour
98
What is central control
Cognitive ability to suppress automatic responses when we perform deliberate actions
99
What is the diathesis-stress model
An interactions approach to explain behaviour
100
What is schizophrenia in terms of family dysfunction
Schizophrenia has long been linked to childhood experiences of living in a dysfunctional family
101
What is the schizophrenogenic mother hypothesis
Psychodynamic explanation of a schizophrenia causing mother who is cold and domineering
Tension leads to distress that develops into delusions
102
What does tension lead to in the case of the schizophrenogenic mother
Tension leads to distress that develops into delusions
103
What did Fromm reichmann do
Accounts from schizophrenia patients about childhood
104
What is true about the schizophrenogenic mother hypothesis
Much work was done in the 1940s and 50s around the family
Fromm-reichmann was the first person to place blame firmly on the mother
105
Who was the first person we placed blame on the mother for schizophrenia
Fromm reichman
106
What does research show about the double bind theory
Research has shown that parents with schizophrenic offspring show high communication deviance
107
What was Bateson et al theory
Double bind
Children who frequently receive contradicting messages from their parents more likely to develop schizophrenia
When children get it wrong the child is punished with withdrawal of love
There interceptions prevent the development of an internally coherent constriction of reality and in the long run manifests itself as schizophrenic symptoms (disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions)
108
What did Bateson et al state
Children who frequently receive contradicting messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia
109
What happens in the double bind theory when the child gets something wrong
When children get it wrong the child is punished with withdrawal of love
110
What do the interactions from the double bind theory cause/prevent in the long run
There interactions prevent the development of an internally coherent consultation of reality
In the long run manifests itself as schizophrenic symptoms (disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions)
111
What schizophrenic systems will someone who has experienced double bind have
Disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions
112
What is expressed emotion (EE)
One aspect of communication that has been extensively researched is expressed emotion
This refers to the hostile attitude that is often shown by relatives of a person with schizophrenia
113
What are the 3 factors of expressed emotion
Verbal criticism
Hostility (including anger and rejection)
Emotional over involvement
114
What does hostility include
Anger and rejection
115
What does the factors of expressed emotion cause
These factors cause Stress
116
What is expressed emotion an explanation for
Primarily an explanation of relapse
117
What did brown et al find
Found that there were a number of families in which relatives showed expressed emotion(EE) towards then person with schizophrenia
118
What did subotnick et al do
Used thematic application test to test families of schizophrenia for communication deviance
119
What did subotnick et al find
In families with a history of schizophrenia communication deviance seen in mothers
120
What are strengths of subotnick study
Cause
121
What are weakness of subotnick study
Just correlational
Subjective
122
In relation to the cause of subotnick study what don’t we know
We don’t know what came first the schizophrenia of communication deviance
123
What do cognitive explanations aim to do
Attempt to explain the consequences of underlying biological abnormalities
124
What did Allen find
Reduced processing in the ventral stratittem is associated with negative symptoms and reduced processing in the temporal gyrus is associated with positive symptoms
125
What is associated with negative symtpoms of schizophrenia in terms of cognitive explanations
Reduced processing in the ventral stratittem is associated with negative symptoms
126
What is reduced processing in the ventral stratittem associated with
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
127
What is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia in terms of cognitive explanations
Reduced processing in the temporal gyrus is associated with positive symptoms
128
What is reduced processing in the temporal gyrus is associated with
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
129
What does the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia state causes schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is associated with several types of dysfunctional thought processing
Lower than normal levels of information processing suggest cognition is impaired
130
What did firth find
He identified 2 kinds of dysfunctional though processing
131
What are the 2 kinds of dysfunctional thought processing firth found
Poor metarepresentation
Poor central control
132
What is poor metarepresentation
The cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour
133
What does poor metarepresentation explain
Explains hallucinations
134
What does poor central control explain
Disorganised speech
135
What is poor central control
The cognitive ability to suppress automatic responses
136
What was shin et al procedure
Compared 20 schizophrenia patients with 20 control in a face discrimination task
137
What were the results of shin et al study
Found schizophrenia had significantly worse facial perception
Suggesting that the deficit is due to specific impairments in configurational processing
138
What does shin et al study Suggest
Suggest that the deficit is due to specific impairments in configurational processing
139
What is the strop task
Tasks included the strop task in which participants have to name the font colours of colour-words so have suppress the tendency to read the words aloud
140
What are types of family dysfunctions
Expressed emotion
Double bind
Schizophregenic mother
141
What is antipsychotics
Drugs used to reduce the intensity of symptoms in particular the positive symptoms of disorder like schizophrenia
142
What are typical antipsychotics
The first generation of antipsychotic drugs they work as dopamine antagonists
Example include chlorpromazine
143
What is a typical antipsychotic
Chlorpromazine
144
What is an atypical antipsychotics
Drugs for schizophrenia developed after typical antipsychotics they target a range of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin
Examples include clozapine
145
What’s an example of atypical antipsychotics
Clozapine
146
What is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
A method for treating mental disorder based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques
From the cognitive viewpoint it aims to deal with thinking such as challenging negative thoughts
147
What does CBT aim to do
From the cognitive viewpoint point it aims to deal with thinking such such as challenging negative thoughts
148
What is family therapy
A therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with the aim of improving their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family
149
What is are token economies
A form of behavioural therapy where desirable behaviour are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement
For example patients are given rewards (tokens) as a secondary reinforcers when they engage in socially desirable behaviours
Tokens can be exchanged for privileges
150
What’s an example of token economies
Patients are given rewards (tokens) as a secondary reinforcers when they engage in socially desirable behaviours
Tokens can be exchanged for privileges
151
What is the most common treatment for schizophrenia
Drug therapy is the most common treatment for schizophrenia
152
What are antipsychotic drugs also known as
Neuroleptics
153
What did antipsychotic drugs do
Revolutionised the treatment of schizophrenia
154
What is a type of typical drug
Chlorpromazine
155
What does chlorpromazine do
By blocking the dopamine receptors
Reduces positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Not very potent (patient has to take high dose)
156
What does chlorpromazine work
By blocking the dopamine receptors
157
By chlorpromazine blocking the dopamine receptors what happens to symptoms of schizophrenia
Reduces positive symptoms of schizophrenia
158
What is true about chlorpromazine
It is not very potent
159
Because chlorpromazine is not very potent what is true
Patients take high doeses
160
What are side effects of chlorpromazine
Also works on other receptor such as noradrenaline which causes dry mouth and lowered blood pressure
Massive risk of motor functions (control of movement) including Parkinsonism (involuntary shaking/tremors)
161
What is Parkinsonism
Involuntary shaking/tremors)
162
What are motor functions
Control of movement
163
What receptors does chlorpromazine work on
Noradrenaline
164
What does chlorpromazine Working on the noradrenaline cause
Dry mouth and lowered blood pressure
165
What is an example of a atypical antipsychotic
Clozapine
166
What does clozapine do
Atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine work on both dopamine , serotonin and glutamate
Can treat both positive and negative symptoms
More potent (so can take less) than typical antipsychotics
167
What is true about clozapine
It is more potent
168
Because clozapine is more potent what is true
We can take less than typical antipsychotics
169
How does clozapine work
Atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine work on both dopamine serotonin and glutamate
170
By clozapine working on dopamine serotonin and glutamate what happens to symptoms of schizophrenia
Can treat both positive and negative symptoms
171
What is true about the side effects of atypical antipsychotics
Less then typical anti-psychotics
172
What are the side effects of clozapine
Agranulocytosis (decrease in white blood cells)
Decrease can be enough to cause death
173
What is agranulocytosis
A decrease in white blood cells
174
How do we test the effectiveness of drugs
We test effectiveness of drug therapies by using placebo studies
175
What was Davies procedure
Meta analysis of 29 studies
176
What did Davies find
Found relapse occurred in 55% of the patients whose drugs were replaced by a placebo and 19% of those who remained on drugs
Can conclude that drug therapy is effective
Drug wasn’t effective for everyone
45% of those on a placebo did benefit
177
From Davis reserach what can be concluded
Can conclude that drug therapy is effective
Drug wasn’t effective for everyone
45% of those on a placebo did benefit
178
What did thornley et al do
Compared chlorpromazine and placebo
Chlorpromazine associated with better functioning reduced symptoms serveity and lowered relapse rate
179
What did thornely et al find
Chlorpromazine associated with better functioning reduced symptoms severity amd lowered relapse rates
180
What did meltzer do
Clozapine more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotic
181
When are psychological therapies
Psychological treatments are used alongside drug therapy
182
What can psychological therapies do in terms of schizophrenia
They can help people with schizophrenia to cope better with the symptoms of hallucinations or delusions
They can also help to treat some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as withdrawal
183
What was ayllan and azrin procedure
Used a token economy system with schizophrenia in a psychiatric hospital
184
What was ayllan and azrin results
Found average of 40 improve behaviours
185
What was glowicki et al procedure
Identified seven high quality studies published between 1999 and 2013 that examined the effectiveness of token economies for people with chronic mental health issues such as schizophrenia and involved patients living in hospitals settings
186
What was glowicki et al results
All studies showed a reduction in negative symptoms and a decline in the frequency of unwanted behaviours
187
What are family therapies
Based on the idea that family dysfunction can lead to an increase in risk of relapse
Aim to reduce conflict and high emotion amongst family members
Firstly involves psychoeducation - informing relatives about the nature of schizophrenia (SZ) and how to help patients
Also involves trying to improve communication skills - intervention such such as behavioural family therapy (BFT involves the person) and relatives group (RG without the person)
188
What are family therapies based on
Based on the idea that family dysfunction can lead to an increase in risk of relapse Aim
189
What are the aims of family therapies
They aim to reduce conflict and high emotion amongst family members
190
What do family therapies involve
Psychoeducation - informing relatives about the nature if schizophrenia and how they can help patient
Also involves trying to improve communication skills - intervention such as behavioural family therapy (BFT which involves the patient) and relatives group (RG without the person)
191
What is psychoeducation
Informing relatives about the nature of schizophrenia(SZ) and how they can help patients
192
What are the ways in which family therapies aim to improve communication skills
Behavioural family therapy (BFT involves the person) and relatives group (RG without the person)
193
What is behavioural family therapy
A part of family therapy that aims to improve communication skills and involves the person with schizophrenia
194
What is relatives group
A part of family therapy that aims to improve communication skills and doesn’t involve the person with schizophrenia
195
What was pharaoh et al procedure
Meta analysis
196
What were pharaoh et al results
Found family interventions effective in significantly reducing rates of relapse
197
What was McFarlane procedure
Meta analysis
198
What were McFarlanes results
Concluded that family therapy was one of the most consistently effective treatments available for schizophrenia
In particularly relapse rates were found to be reduced typically by 50-60%
Also concluded that using family therapist as mental health initially starts to decline is particularly promising
199
What did McFarlane find
In particular relapse rates were found to be reduced typically by 50-60%
200
What did McFarlane conclude
Concluded that family therapy was one of the most consistently effective treatments available for schizophrenia
Also concluded that using family therapy as mental health initially starts to decline is particularly promising
201
What is a token economy’s (behaviour modification)
Behaviour modification technique based on operant conditioning - learning through reinforcement
202
What is a token economy
Behaviour modification technique based on operant conditioning - learning through reinforcement
Good behaviours are rewarded with tokens (secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for something they want (primary reinforcers)
Used in institutions (1960/70)
‘Normalises’ behaviour ready for outside
203
How does a token economy work
Good behaviours are rewarded with tokens (secondary reinforcers) that can be exchanged for something they want (primary reinforcers)
204
When we’re token economy used
In institutions (1960/70)
205
What does token economy’s hope to do
‘Normalises’ behaviour ready for outside
206
What did tarrier find
Found a significant alleviation of positive symptoms in a CSE group compared to a non-treatment group
207
What was Chadwick et al procedure
Reported a case of an individual who believed he could make things happen by thinking them
He was shown paused video recording and asked to predict what would happen next
208
What were Chadwick et al results
He got none right out of 50
209
What was jauhar et al procedure
Reviewed 34 studies of using CBT with schizophrenia
210
What were Jauhar et al findings
Concluding that there is clear evidence for small but significant effects on both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
211
What is cognitive behavioural therapy
CBT if a form of therapy that aims to help a person manage and ‘reshape’ their thoughts feelings and emotions
The goal of therapy is to challenge negative beliefs and put them to a reality test
Involves symptom targeting - breaks problems , down into more manageable pics that vine be improved one at a time
Involves “homework takes” and uses ‘patients as therapists’
Belief modification and coping strategy enhancement (CSE) involve being taught strategies to recognise and counter delusional beliefs and hallucinations
212
What are the aims of cognitive behavioural therapy
Aims to help a person manage and ‘reshape’ their thoughts feelings and emotions
213
What is the goal of Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
The goal of the therapy is to challenge negative beliefs and put them to a reality test
214
What does cognitive behavioural therapy involve
Involves symptom targeting - breaks problems , down into more manageable pieces that can be improved one at a time
Involves homework tasks and uses ‘patients as therapists
215
What are the applications of Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Belief modification and coping strategy enchantment (CSE)
Involves being taught strategies to recognise and counter delusional beliefs and hallucinations
216
What is the interactionist approach
Broad approach that acknowledges a range of factors are involved in the development of schizophrenia
217
What is the diathesis-stress model
An interactionist approach that explains schizophrenia through both an underling vulnerability and a trigger
218
What is diathesis
Vulnerability
219
What is stress
Negative psychological experience
220
What is meehls model
Original diathesis (vulnerability) was solely genetic (the results of a schizogene)
The lead to a personality type that was a sensitive to stress
Stress was chronic stress during childhood/adolescence (presence of a schizophrenic mother
221
What was the original diathesis in meehls model
Vulnerability
222
What was the diathesis original thought to be
Solely genetic (the results of a schizogene)
223
What does the vulnerability and solely genetic lead to (in diathesis)
This lead to a personality type that was a sensitive to stress
224
What was stress meehls model for stress
Stress was chronic stress was during childhood/adolescence (presence of a schizophrenic mother)
225
What is diathesis from a modern understanding
Schizophrenia is polygenic - many genes increase vulnerability diathesis could also be psychological trauma
226
What is different about modern diathesis and meehls model
Diathesis could also be psychological trauma
227
What is stress in terms of the modern understanding
Stress could be anything that risks triggering schizophrenia including cannabis
228
What is a combining treatments
Biological and psychological therapies
Anti-psychotics drugs and CBT (and family , token economies etc)
229
What was tienari et al aims
Investigate the impact of both genetic vulnerability and a psychologically trigger (dysfunctional parenting)
230
What was tienari et al procedure
The study followed 19000 Finnish children whose biological mothers had been diagnosed with schizophrenia in adulthood this high genetic risk group compared to a control group of adoptees without a family history oof schizophrenia (low genetic risk)
231
What did tienari et al find
Adoptive parents had been assessed for child rearing style and it was found that high levels of criticism, hostility and low levels of empathy were strongly associated with the development of schizophrenia but only in the high genetic risk group
232
What was tarrier et al procedure
Randomly allocated 315 participants (1) medication and CBT, (2) medication and counselling or (3) control group (medication only)
233
What were tarrier et al 3 conditions
(1) medication and CBT
(2) medication and counselling
(3) control group (medication only)
234
What did tarrier et al condition 1 do
Medication and CBT
235
What did tarrier et al 2 condition do
Medication and counselling
236
What did tarrier et al condition 3 do
Medication only
237
What were tarrier et al results
Participants in the two combination groups showed lower symtpoms following the trail that the medication only group though there was no difference in hospital readmission
Psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
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Social Influences105
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Psychology 16 Markers498
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Approaches180
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Reaserch Methods295
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Non Key Researchers371
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Behavourism Peel5
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Psychopathology184
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Attachment203
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SLT(socail Learning Theory) PEEL5
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Cognitive PEEL5
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Biological PEEL5
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Psychodynamic PEEL5
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Humanstic Peel5
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Researchers114
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Non Key Researchers Findings38
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Memory238
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Isssues And Debates89
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Schizophrenia237
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Aggression220
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Psychology 16 Markers222
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Relationships192
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Biopsychology219
