FTCE Biology 6-12 > Science, Technology & Society > Flashcards

Science, Technology & Society Flashcards

Understand how science addresses global warming, pollution, sustainable practices, and wildlife conservation. (162 cards)

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1
Q

What is technology?

A

The execution of scientific ideas to achieve specific goals involving people, machines, and systems.

Technological inventions have made everyday life easier and more organized.

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2
Q

What is the Engineering Design Process?

A

A series of steps followed by engineers when developing a product or design.

Allows for repetition of steps as necessary.

Engineers combine science, math, technology, and creativity to create solutions in engineering design.

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3
Q

What are the steps of the Engineering Design Process?

A
  1. Define or identify a problem
  2. Research problem
  3. Specify requirements
  4. Brainstorm solutions
  5. Choose the best solution
  6. Design and develop
  7. Build a prototype
  8. Test and redesign
  9. Communicate findings
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4
Q

What should engineers do in the Define the Problem step of the Engineering Design Process?

A
  • Ask questions about the problem
  • Identify the problem
  • Decide on the best design solution

It is important to consider the audience, end goals, and project requirements to know what the best solution may be.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of Research in the Engineering Design Process?

A

Find existing solutions, avoid past mistakes, and innovate new ideas.

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6
Q

What should engineers do in the Specify Requirements step of the Engineering Design Process?

A
  • Set constraints
  • Design requirements
  • Write a design brief

Physical characteristics, materials, costs, safety concerns, etc.

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7
Q

What is the importance of Brainstorming Solutions in the Engineering Design Process?

A
  • Explore alternatives
  • Filter out unsuitable solutions
  • Get creative with new designs

Don’t settle on the first idea, combine solutions creatively. Explore all alternatives before settling on one solution, take time to brainstorm ideas.

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8
Q

How can engineers choose the best solution for a project?

A

By ensuring it meets the requirements specified in earlier stages of the process.

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9
Q

What is involved in the develop and design step of the engineering process?

A
  • Drafting
  • Measuring
  • Modeling
  • Drawing
  • Research
  • Analysis
  • Refinement
  • Improvement
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10
Q

What is important in the solution development stage?

A

Making sure the chosen solution works and is safe.

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11
Q

What are prototypes in the engineering design process?

A

Working versions of the chosen solution made with different materials for testing and troubleshooting.

Prototypes are built to determine adjustments needed before building the final product and to test the design.

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12
Q

What are some materials that can be used to make prototypes?

A
  • Cardboard
  • Plastic
  • Paper
  • Plastic bottles
  • Aluminum cans
  • Straws
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13
Q

What are some challenges engineers may face when prototyping?

A
  • Insufficient research
  • Misunderstanding by consumers
  • Time constraints
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14
Q

What is the purpose of testing and redesign in the engineering process?

A

To create multiple iterations of the solution based on feedback and testing until it is satisfactory.

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15
Q

What should be considered when choosing the best solution in the Engineering Design Process?

A
  • Cost
  • Time
  • Safety
  • Skill
  • Resources
  • Aesthetics
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16
Q

What are design constraints?

A

Conditions that need to happen for a project to be successful.

Design constraints help narrow choices when creating a project.

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17
Q

Explain a cost constraint in design projects.

A

Every project has a budget, and additional considerations include how design costs will be passed down to consumers.

Design costs can impact the final price of products sold to consumers.

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18
Q

How do available resources impact design choices?

A

Engineers may be limited by cost, local availability of materials, and the need to use locally sourced materials instead of imported supplies.

Resource limitations can influence the design process.

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19
Q

What is an environmental impact constraint in projects?

A

Ensuring that projects are environmentally sound and won’t cause disruption to ecosystems.

Considerations include preventing oil spills and protecting local water sources.

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20
Q

What do safety constraints relate to?

A

Making the building or project safe for people and depend on where the project is being completed and what unique hazards exist there.

Different projects will have safety constraints specific to their location and purpose.

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21
Q

What should be considered regarding costs in design constraints?

A

Costs should be kept on budget, but also consideration should be given to how design and construction costs will affect consumers.

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22
Q

How do engineers typically solve problems?

A

By writing a problem statement that explains the problem, provides evidence, and proposes a solution with associated advantages or impacts.

It is an important initiating phase of engineering design and product development.

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23
Q

What are the three important factors to consider when writing a problem statement?

A
  • Who has the problem?
  • What is the problem?
  • Why is it important or worthwhile to solve the problem?
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24
Q

What is the role of an engineer?

A

An individual who designs, builds, analyzes, and maintains machines, structures, equipment, and other complex systems.

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25
How does the application of science and technology help people?
It enhances people's lives by disseminating correct information, raising awareness, and solving societal problems. ## Footnote Citizen participation in science is crucial for addressing global challenges.
26
What are some ways citizens can participate in science?
* They can participate in citizen science projects. * They can volunteer time and expertise in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. * Citizen involvement helps governments address real-world problems and societal needs. ## Footnote Public participation is important in discussing ethical concerns related to science.
27
What are some areas deeply impacted by the **digital revolution**?
* Healthcare * Education * Library systems * Government functioning * Industrial production * Accounting * Advertising * Sports and arts
28
What are some key concerns about the future impact of science and technology?
* Climate change * Sea level rise * Global warming * Clean environment * Nature conservation * Sustainable living
29
What is the difference between **science** and **technology**?
* Science - is the body of knowledge acquired while trying to study and understand the universe. * Technology - is the application of knowledge to attain a specific goal. ## Footnote New scientific knowledge helps invent new technologies and vice versa.
30
How can science and technology contribute to solving future challenges?
By finding cost-effective and ingenious ways to implement existing technology to tackle challenges like climate change.
31
How has human life changed over the past 100 years mainly due to science and technology?
* Less early death, * easier food production, and * countless lives saved through medical technology. ## Footnote The advancements in science and technology have significantly improved human life.
32
How did the **Industrial Revolution** change the way humans live?
* It increased efficiency in various tasks, * reduced the need for manual labor in farming, and * led to the setup of factories using machines.
33
Who discovered the cell in 1665?
Robert Hooke
34
What is **air pollution**?
The presence of materials or forms of energy in the atmosphere that can pose a risk, damage, or nuisance to living beings. ## Footnote Can lead to the development of diseases and conditions in humans and biodiversity, as well as loss of visibility or appearance of unpleasant odors in areas of large populations.
35
What are the main causes of air pollution?
Burning of fossil fuels, such as coal or oil. ## Footnote Derived from human activities and industry, including emissions from cars and other means of transport.
36
What is the **Clean Air Act** of 1970?
A comprehensive federal response established in the United States to fight and reduce air pollution.
37
What is the purpose of the **EPA**? | (Environmental Protection Agency)
To monitor and enforce regulations related to air pollution. ## Footnote EPA was created in response to the Clean Air Act of 1970.
38
What is the **Air Quality Index** used for? | (AQI)
To provide information about local air quality, health problems for different levels of air pollution, and how people can protect their health when pollutants reach unhealthy levels. ## Footnote Contain 6 quality categories: * Green: Good * Yellow: Moderate * Orange: Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups * Red: Unhealthy * Purple: Very Unhealthy * Maroon: Hazardous
39
What are primary pollutants?
Pollutant substances or compounds in the atmosphere that cause a direct effect or harm to environmental health.
40
What are secondary pollutants?
Substances or compounds that are created from reactions between primary pollutants and components of the atmosphere.
41
What is the main difference between primary pollutants and secondary pollutants?
* **Primary pollutants** - can cause direct harm or react to form harmful substances. * **Secondary pollutants** - are created from reactions between primary pollutants and atmospheric components.
42
What are natural sources of air pollutants?
Include natural activities like volcanic eruptions emitting particles and gases, and natural forest fires producing gases that pollute the atmosphere.
43
What is **carbon monoxide** (CO) formed by?
Incomplete combustion of organic material in the presence of oxygen deficiency.
44
What are the main sources of carbon monoxide pollution?
* Motor vehicles * Industrial processes * Forest and urban fires * Incineration of organic matter
45
What is **ozone**?
A pale blue gas that gives off a strong odor. ## Footnote Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation.
46
What causes the formation of ozone in cities?
Chemical reaction between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight.
47
Why is ozone considered an environmental pollutant?
Because at high concentrations, it can cause health damage such as irritating the respiratory system, aggravating asthma and chronic lung diseases, reducing lung function, and shortening life expectancy.
48
What are **Particulate Matter**? | (PM)
Solid and liquid particles that are suspended in the air, most of which pose a hazard.
49
How can suspended particles affect health?
Long-term exposure to the concentrations of suspended particles found in the environment can affect the lungs of both children and adults, and can also cause a shorter life expectancy, especially in people with cardiac and pulmonary conditions.
50
What is water pollution?
Occurs when one or more non-water substances are introduced and accumulate in the water, causing potential imbalance and damage to the environment.
51
List some main water pollutants.
* Bacteria * Viruses * Parasites * Fertilizers * Pesticides * Pharmaceutical products * Nitrates * Phosphates * Plastics * Fecal waste * Radioactive substances
52
What are **point** sources of water pollution?
Pollution occurs by a single, identifiable source, such as an oil spill near a platform or a pipe discharging wastewater to a river.
53
What are **non-point** sources of water pollution?
Pollution occurs over a wide area with many possible sources, making it difficult to identify only one source. It can be associated with a town, a series of industries, an agricultural area, and other sources.
54
What are examples of the effects of pollutant substances in surface water?
* Decrease in dissolved oxygen in water * Increase in turbidity * Sedimentation of solid pollutants * Eutrophication * Expansion of pathogen bacteria * Aggressive effects on aquatic life
55
What are the **two main sources** of water?
* Surface water * Groundwater
56
What are the two types of **water pollution**?
* Surface water pollution * Groundwater pollution ## Footnote Surface water pollution occurs in lakes, rivers, and seas. Decreases in dissolved oxygen, eutrophication, and presence of pathogen bacteria. Groundwater pollution is the pollution of water sources below Earth's surface. Much harder to control than surface water pollution.
57
What is **eutrophication**?
The presence of too many nutrients in the water, enhancing the growth of algae that covers the surface and preventing sunlight from reaching lower levels of rivers, lakes, or seas. ## Footnote Eutrophication leads to the loss of oxygen in water bodies, negatively impacting aquatic life.
58
What are two main sources of pollution of surface water?
* Agricultural use of fertilizers * Sewage leaks and animal factories ## Footnote Toxic chemicals and nutrients causing eutrophication.
59
What are some sources of groundwater pollution?
* Agricultural runoff * Toxic chemicals from spills and drainage * Underground septic tanks and oil tanks
60
What are some toxic chemicals that can lead to surface water pollution?
* Pesticides * Synthetic chemicals * Mercury, lead, and arsenic
61
What are some factors that contribute to **global warming**?
Fossil fuels and greenhouse gases.
62
What is the effect of burning fossil fuels on the carbon cycle?
Releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. ## Footnote The buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere slows the rate of heat loss.
63
What are the **three major greenhouse gases** in the Earth's atmosphere?
* Water vapor * Carbon dioxide * Methane
64
What is the relationship between **carbon dioxide concentrations** and **global temperature?**
When CO2 levels rise, the average temperature of the Earth also rises. ## Footnote Over the past century, the global temperature has risen by 1.4 degrees. This higher than average temperature has led to melting icecaps and receding glaciers.
65
What may happen if **oceans warm up**?
Increase in water vapor in the atmosphere and liberation of methane.
66
What is **Life Cycle Analysis**?
It examines the environmental impacts of products or services throughout their life cycle. ## Footnote Also known as life cycle assessment or environmental life cycle assessment.
67
What are the **four phases** of Life Cycle Analysis?
1. Goal and Scope Definition 2. Inventory Analysis 3. Impact Assessment 4. Interpretation
68
Why is understanding life cycles important in biology?
It helps scientists understand growth, reproduction, and the transmission of traits.
69
What is the **Anthropocene Era** defined by?
The way that humans influence the global climate and environment.
70
What are some of the steps involved in producing a product that contribute to its environmental impact?
* Extracting raw materials * Transporting materials * Manufacturing parts * Assembling the final product * Transporting the product * Using, repairing, and disposing of the product
71
What are **natural hazards**?
Elements of the physical environment that can harm people. ## Footnote Examples: Hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes
72
How do scientists monitor **earthquakes**?
* Using seismographs * Graphing earthquakes by magnitude in a Gutenberg-Richter diagram
73
What do **weather satellites** help predict and monitor?
* Floods * Fires * Tsunamis * Earthquakes * Hurricanes * Tornados
74
How do weather satellites **track severe storms** like hurricanes?
By recording images nearly in real time.
75
What data do weather satellites provide to guide safety measures during severe storms?
* Wind speed * Water vapor content * Sea level height
76
What information do satellites provide to **predict wildfires**?
Weather conditions and local vegetation that might promote a fire.
77
What is the purpose of warning measures for natural hazards?
To alert citizens of impending hazards and give them time to evacuate.
78
Give an example of an **early warning system** for earthquakes.
* ShakeAlert * Provides texts, alarms, and public broadcasts * Implemented in Mexico * Saved lives in the 2017 earthquake * California planning a similar system in 2018
79
What is **mining**?
The **removal of minerals** from the ground.
80
What can **minerals** be used for?
Household products, jewelry, and energy for cars and buildings.
81
What are some **methods of mining**?
* Surface mining * Strip mining * Subsurface mining * Longwall mining * Solution mining
82
What are the **two major categories** that most mining methods fall under?
* Surface mining * Subsurface mining ## Footnote Most specific mining methods (e.g., strip mining, open-pit mining, longwall mining) can be classified into either surface or subsurface mining based on how the minerals are accessed.
83
What is **surface mining**?
Removing minerals that are **near the Earth's surface**. ## Footnote Examples: Strip mining, open pit mining
84
What is **subsurface mining**?
A **long tunnel** is created either horizontally or vertically, **creating shafts** through which **miners can go underground** and remove minerals.
85
What method is used when ore deposits are very large and a **large pit** is created?
Open-pit mining
86
In which mining method are **long narrow strips** dug out instead of creating one large pit?
Strip mining
87
What is the method of subsurface mining where **hot water is injected** into the ore to dissolve it?
Solution mining
88
What is the process of **heating ores to extract the metals** they contain?
Smelting
89
What is the primary **environmental impact** of smelting?
**Air pollution** due to gases like sulfur dioxide escaping and reaching the air.
90
What are some **environmental impacts** of mining?
* Erosion * Air and water pollution * Land destruction * Harm to mine workers
91
What is the term for **water that is full of metals and toxins** from abandoned coal mines?
Acid mine drainage
92
What is the term for the **holes that are left behind from collapses** in subsurface mining?
Subsidence ## Footnote Also known as a sinkhole.
93
What are the **harmful effects of mining** on the landscape and underground?
* Disrupts the landscape * Causes changes in topography and drainage * Strips the land of vegetation, soil, and rocks
94
What are the **harmful effects** of mining on air and water pollution?
* Acid mine drainage * Pollution in the air and water * Gases escaping during smelting
95
What can help **reduce** the negative effects of mining?
New technologies and a conscious effort to mitigate impacts.
96
What **percentage** of the earth's land is currently used for some form of agriculture?
38%
97
What is **industrialized agriculture**?
Agriculture where large quantities of crops and livestock are produced through industrial techniques.
98
What is the importance of designing new farming techniques in industrialized agriculture?
To preserve the land already designated for farming. ## Footnote Designing new farming techniques is important to ensure that industrialized agriculture continues to produce enough food for the population while reducing harm to the environment.
99
How can industrialized agriculture lead to a **reduction in soil quality**?
Nutrients and decomposable materials are **removed** during harvest and not replenished.
100
What **negative impacts** on the environment are caused by industrialized agriculture?
* Land degradation * Habitat fragmentation
101
What is **land degradation**?
Reduction in the overall quality of the land.
102
How can livestock impact land degradation in industrialized agriculture?
By compacting the soil and leaving land void of vegetation, leading to erosion.
103
What is **habitat fragmentation**?
When an intact area of the environment is divided up into smaller patches as a result of human activity.
104
How does habitat fragmentation affect species travel and genetic diversity?
* Makes it more difficult for species to travel to other locations. * Decreases genetic diversity due to lower number of potential mates in the smaller habitat.
105
What are the positive and negative impacts of **industrialized agriculture**?
* **Positive impact**: Feeding the growing human population * **Negative impact**: Land degradation
106
What relationship exists between industrialized agriculture and land degradation?
Industrialized agriculture causes land degradation. ## Footnote Industrialized agriculture has caused land degradation through reductions in soil quality and physical changes to the land.
107
What happens to plant and animal species when habitat fragmentation occurs?
They become overcrowded and isolated, reducing access to resources and mates.
108
What is a **keystone species**?
An organism with a significant impact on its ecosystem.
109
What does **overfishing** refer to?
The practice of removing fish from aquatic environments at a rate faster than these fish can be replenished.
110
What percentage of marine animals have been reduced due to human fishing activities since the late 19th century?
Nearly 90%.
111
What are the environmental impacts of overfishing?
* Loss of biodiversity * Disruption of marine ecosystems * Reduced food and economic security
112
What is **bottom trawling**?
A fishing technique where a large net is dragged along the ocean floor behind a boat to catch fish and other bottom-dwelling marine species.
113
How does bottom trawling affect underwater habitats?
It results in damage to underwater habitats like coral reefs.
114
What is **longline fishing**?
A mainline possessing thousands of smaller hooks uses bait as a lure to catch fish.
115
What are **gillnets**?
Wide nets stretched across the water that trap fish by their gills.
116
What is **dynamite fishing?**
The use of **explosives** to stun or kill fish. ## Footnote Dynamite fishing involves using explosives to capture fish, which is harmful to marine life and habitats.
117
What is **bycatch**?
Marine life other than the target species caught in fishing gear.
118
What percentage of the world's monitored fish stocks are overexploited?
Nearly 80%. ## Footnote This is due to overfishing and bycatch.
119
What is the **Marine Mammal Protection Act**?
An act that was established in 1972 and provides protection for marine mammals worldwide. ## Footnote The Marine Mammal Protection Act safeguards marine mammals globally and authorizes agencies like NOAA Fisheries to protect them.
120
What is the **Magnuson-Stevens Act**?
An act governing marine fisheries management in the United States to **reduce** overfishing and **restore** habitats.
121
What **organization** actively promotes a reduction in illegal fishing?
WWF | (World Wide Fund for Nature) ## Footnote WWF advocates for sustainable fishing practices and fights against illegal fishing activities.
122
What **organization** coordinates the activities of scholars and governmental agencies to promote water security?
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
123
What is a potential consequence of **removing top predators** like sharks or tuna from the ocean ecosystem?
The prey populations they usually keep in check can now **thrive and expand to unnatural levels**.
124
What is one **negative impact** of fishing gear on the environment?
Lines, hooks, and traps break free, most of which is never recovered.
125
What are some efforts made by local governments and communities to **manage fisheries sustainably**?
* Implementing catch and size limits. * Limiting the type of gear that can be used in local areas or at certain times of year.
126
What are some **harmful effects of fishing** on ecosystems?
**Disruption of food webs and ecosystems** by the decline or removal of various fish, shellfish, and other aquatic species.
127
What are oceanic environmental issues?
Problems that come when humans pollute the oceans or use them inappropriately and cause damage to oceanic ecosystems.
128
What is **global warming**?
A gradual rise in Earth’s temperature due to excess greenhouse gases.
129
What are the examples of problems caused by global warming?
* Ocean acidification * Increased ocean temperatures * Rising sea levels * Coral reef breakdown and bleaching * Changing populations and disruption of homeostasis
130
What is **ocean acidification**?
A process caused by global warming where carbon dioxide converts to carbonic acid in water, making the oceans more acidic.
131
What is **coral bleaching**?
A phenomenon that occurs when ocean temperatures get too high, causing corals to expel their zooxanthellae.
132
How does increased sea surface temperatures affect species range?
It upsets the balance of the ocean and allows invasive species to break through to new territories.
133
What could happen if **temperatures continue to climb** in the ocean?
An invasive species could find its way north. ## Footnote Rising temperatures and changing ecosystems can allow invasive species to expand their range, including moving northward into previously unsuitable areas.
134
What are some consequences of rising sea levels on coastal ecosystems?
* Displacement of coastal ecosystems like mangroves * Disruption of delicate ecosystems along shorelines
135
What important role do many coastal ecosystems play for inland communities?
They provide **storm shelters** and are places of biodiversity and high production.
136
What are some **environmental concerns** about the oceans caused by human activity?
* Fishing * Pollution * Global warming
137
What is the aim of the **Endangered Species Act** in the United States?
To protect organisms on the verge of going extinct.
138
What are the **organizations** that implement the regulations of the endangered species act?
* United States Fish and Wildlife service (USFWS) * National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
139
Why is species extinction **problematic** for ecosystems?
Because removing one organism changes the entire ecosystem.
140
What are the two main categories under the **Endangered Species Act**?
* Threatened * Endangered
141
What is the **difference** between endangered and threatened in regards to the Endangered Species List?
**Endangered** species are at risk of extinction while **threatened** species are likely to become endangered in the near future.
142
What causes a species to be classified as '**endangered**' under the ESA?
* Current or possible threat to habitat * Over-used for various purposes * Declining population numbers due to disease or predation * No or inadequate regulation * Other natural or man-made factors affecting existence
143
What is the **90-day waiting period** for a species considered for protection under the ESA?
Investigations to determine if the species is in danger of going extinct or becoming endangered.
144
What is the purpose of a **one-year study** for a species under consideration for the ESA?
To vote on the species' placement on the Endangered Species List.
145
What is the responsibility of the FWS and NOAA after an organism is listed on the Endangered Species List?
Creating a **Species Recovery Plan**.
146
What will happen if a species is placed on the **Endangered Species List**?
* Individuals living in the area of the endangered species will be notified of its endangered status. * Not only will the organism be protected but so will its environment.
147
What are some examples of **species recovery efforts** under the ESA?
* Labeling a habitat as a 'protected area'. * Breeding programs through captive individuals of endangered species in zoos.
148
What are the **penalties** for violating the Endangered Species Act regarding endangered or threatened species?
* $50,000 fine and up to one year in jail for capturing, wounding, or killing * Up to $25,000 fine per violation
149
What is the **success rate** of the ESA in terms of species recovery?
About 1% over almost 40 years. ## Footnote Since 2012, 56 species have been removed from the endangered species list, and 25 have been downlisted to 'threatened'
150
What is the main premise of the **World Conservation Strategy**?
Protected areas and threatened species could most effectively be safeguarded if local people considered it in their own interest to do so.
151
What is the purpose of the **Red List of Threatened Species** published by the IUCN?
A global list of all species considered threatened or endangered.
152
What is the focus of the **World Conservation Strategy** of the **IUCN**?
Bringing governments and local communities together to eradicate animal and plant extinction.
153
What is the role of the International Union for Conservation of Nature in conservation efforts?
Publishes a global list of threatened and endangered species and tries to bring the global community together for conservation efforts.
154
What are some criticisms of the ESA?
Takes too much time and money for the number of species it helps.
155
What is **energy** according to physics?
A currency that allows you to do work.
156
# Define: work
When a force is applied over a distance, or energy is transferred from one place to another.
157
# Define: Energy Conservation
Prevention of wasteful energy use. ## Footnote Energy conservation is about reducing energy consumption by using less of it.
158
# Define: Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed. ## Footnote The principle states that energy can change from one form to another but is not lost or created.
159
Why is Energy Conservation important?
Less reliance on fossil fuels, reduced air pollution, and cost savings. ## Footnote Energy conservation helps reduce reliance on non-renewable resources, lowers air pollution, and saves money.
160
List some simple energy conservation methods that can be shared with your students.
* Use a programmable thermostat * Use a tankless water heater * Replace incandescent bulbs with compact-fluorescent bulbs * Insulate and seal your home * Save water ## Footnote Additional methods include using energy-saving appliances, turning off electronics when not in use, and using public transportation.
161
# Define: energy efficiency
Using technology that requires less energy to perform the same desired task or function as other high-energy using tools. ## Footnote Energy efficiency includes examples like switching from old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs to new compact-fluorescent light bulbs.
162
Explain the origin of energy in most human situations.
Energy from the sun allows plants to grow, and animals eat those plants to get energy for themselves.
FTCE Biology 6-12
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