Cell theory
- All living things are made of cells
- All cells came from other cells
- Cell is the basic unit of life
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and all membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and instead keep their DNA in coils.
Plant Vs. Animal cell
The plant cell has a cell wall and chloroplasts that conduct photosynthesis; it also has a large central vacuole.
An animal cell has no cell wall but has lysosomes which are like the garbage men of the cell.
What is the definition of an organelle
any number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.
Define cytoplasm
Jelly-like fluid in which the organelles float around in inside the cell
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is made of the Phospholipid bilayer, which is made of phospholipids that have hydrophobic (fatty acid) tails and hydrophilic (polar) heads. It also has protein channels like the GLUT5.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells and conduct photosynthesis.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and contain extra DNA. They also convert sugars into ATP.
Nucleus
The nucleus contains the nuclear envelope as well as DNA.
ER
The ER has an RER and a SER. The RER is studded with ribosomes and synthesizes/transports proteins. The SER synthesizes lipids.
Vesicle
Vesicles transport and store materials in a cell.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus looks like a stack of pancakes and modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage and release.
Vacuole
Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste products.
Lysosome
Lysosomes are the trash men of the cell. They clean up the dead parts.
Cytoskeleton and cell wall
The cytoskeleton provides support and structure for the cell. The cell wall also provides support and structure for the cell.
Fluid Mosaic model.
The cell memebrane is like a fluid mosaic model because it moves and bends like a fluid.
Diffusion
Particles move from high to low concentration. (Passive Transport.)
Passive Transport
No energy needed
Equilibrium
When particles reach the same concentration on both sides of the cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is when molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels.
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic
Hypotonic means when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lower concentration of SOLUTES.
Hypertonic means that when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greatest concentration of solutes.
Isotonic means that the concentration of two solutions is the same.
Does water want to move from hypotonic to hypertonic or the other way around?
Water wants to move from a hypotonic to a hypertonic solution because we are comparing SOLUTES.
Molecular transport
small molecules and ions carried across membranes by proteins
Bulk transport
Larger molecules are transported by movements of the cell membrane. (Active Transport)
