What is the structure of ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate. 1 adenosine 1 ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.
How does ATP store energy?
ATP stores energy between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate bond.
How does ATP become ADP and the other way around?
ATP becomes ADP by losing its bond between the second and third phosphate group, which also releases energy. ADP can become ATP by having enough energy put into it that it can form the third bond.
Why do cells need energy
Cells need energy to perform all basic functions.
What is Chemical Potential Energy
Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance, which can be released or absorbed during a chemical reaction
What is the Formula for cellular Respiration in a formula and in words
C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂→6CO₂+6H₂O+Energy (ATP)
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water+Energy.
Where do organisms get each of the reactants for cellular respiration.
Glucose and Oxygen are products of Photosynthesis.
What are the ways cellular respiration and photosynthesis support and balance each other
They both need each other’s products as reactants, and they make each other energy.
Where do glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the ETC physically occur in the cell/mitochondria
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
The Krebs Cycle occurs inside the inner mitochondrial matrix.
The ETC occurs in the inner membrane space.
Outer mitochondrial membrane
The outer mitochondrial membrane is a smooth protective semi permeable layer. (Phosholipid bilayer.)
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Highly folded selective barrier that separates the Matrix from the intermembranous space.
Christae
The folds of the inner membrane which helps to increase the space of the inner membrane so more reactions can occur.
Matix
The mitochondrial matrix is the innermost, gel-like compartment within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
The intermembrane space (IMS) is the area between the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion
Aerobic vs Anaerobic.
Aerobic means that a reaction needs oxygena and Anaerobic means it does not.
Glycolosis
Glycolysis is the first step in Cellular Respiration and occurs in the cytosol. It turns one 6 glucose chain into two 3-carbon chains, which are called pyruvic acid. this reaction spends 2 ATP. It also makes 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH. And then it make 4 ATP so there is a gain of only 2 ATP.
The Kreb cycle
The Krebs cycle is the second cycle of Cellular Respiration and occurs in the Matrix. During this process, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make NADH, ATP, and FADH2. With Carbon dioxide as a by-product, 2 ADP are made into ATP, 8 NAD+ are turned into 8 NADH, and 1 FAD is turned into FADH2. (2x pyruvic acid is turned into 6 carbon dioxide).
The ETC
The last process of Cellular respiration occurs in the inner membrane. The RTC uses high-energy electrons to fuel an enzyme called ATP synthase. High-energy electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, and the last one is oxygen, which makes this process aerobic. At the end of the cycle, there is an enzyme that combines the e- with hydrogen ions and oxygen to create water. ATP synthase uses rotational energy to make ATP out of ADP. ATP spins as hydrogen ions flow through it from the intermembrane space into the matrix with the concentration gradient. Finally, the passage of high-energy energy e- from the carriers to oxygen provides H+ pumps with enough energy to establish the concentration gradient that helps ATP synthase.
NAD+/NADH
FAD/FADH2
The electron carriers are very important to cellular respiration because they capture high-energy electrons released from glucose breakdown and transport them to the electron transport chain (ETC), where their energy is used to generate massive amounts of ATP
ATP Synthase
An enzyme that acts as a molecular motor, using the flow of protons (hydrogen ions) down their electrochemical gradient to generate adenosine triphosphate
