What are the elements that all biomolecules contain?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
Proteins contain Nitrogen, and Nucleic Acids contain Phosphorus.
Plants store glucose as ________ for energy.
Starch
Animals use Glycogen, primarily stored in the liver and muscle tissues.
What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus in a cell?
Acts as the cell’s ‘shipping department’
It modifies proteins by adding carbohydrate chains and packages them into vesicles.
What do Lysosomes do?
Digest old organelles and foreign invaders
They use acidic enzymes for waste management.
What is the primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
- Lipid synthesis
- Calcium storage
It lacks ribosomes.
What distinguishes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum from Smooth ER?
Studded with ribosomes for protein production
It produces proteins destined for secretion.
What is the structure of DNA?
- Double-stranded helix
- Contains deoxyribose sugar
- Contains Thymine
DNA is stable and cannot exit the nucleus.
What is the structure of RNA?
- Single-stranded
- Contains Ribose sugar
- Contains Uracil instead of Thymine
RNA is versatile and can exit the nucleus.
What is Translation in protein synthesis?
Process where mRNA codons are read to build proteins
tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and match anticodons to mRNA codons.
What are the stages of the Cell Cycle?
- Interphase
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases.
What happens during Prophase of mitosis?
- Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
- Nucleolus disappears
- Mitotic spindle begins to form
Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.
What occurs during Metaphase?
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
The spindle captures all chromosomes for division.
What happens in Anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite ends
This ensures each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
What is the final step of cell division called?
Cytokinesis
It physically splits the cytoplasm into two new cells.
Define Monomer.
Fundamental building block of a larger molecule
Examples include a single amino acid or monosaccharide.
Define Polymer.
Large complex molecule made of repeating monomers
Examples include proteins and polysaccharides.
What is a Peptide Bond?
Covalent bond formed between amino acids
It occurs during condensation reactions.
What is the function of Helicase?
Unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds
This separates the DNA strands.
What is Transcription?
Process of copying DNA into mRNA
This occurs in the nucleus.
What does Semi-conservative refer to in DNA replication?
Each daughter molecule retains one parent strand
This mechanism ensures accuracy in replication.
Why is the G1 checkpoint critical?
Prevents development of cancerous tumors
It ensures the cell is ready for DNA synthesis.
Explain the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the cell membrane.
Modifies and exports proteins to the cell membrane
This is crucial for protein secretion.
