What are the four main types of organic molecules that make up all living things?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
These biomolecules are essential for various functions in living organisms.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide (Glucose)
Carbohydrates provide quick energy and structural support in plants.
What is the function of lipids?
Long-term energy; Cell membranes
Lipids are crucial for storing energy and forming cell membranes.
What lab test turns cloudy/milky to indicate the presence of lipids?
Ethanol Emulsion
This test helps identify lipids in a sample.
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino Acids
Proteins serve as enzymes, muscle components, and transport molecules.
What lab test turns purple to indicate the presence of proteins?
Biuret
This test is used to detect proteins in a sample.
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
Nucleic acids are responsible for storing genetic information.
What is the process of building polymers via removing water called?
Condensation
This process is essential for forming larger biomolecules.
What is the process of breaking down polymers via adding water called?
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is crucial for digestion and metabolism.
What is the control center of the cell that contains DNA?
Nucleus
The nucleus regulates cell activities and stores genetic information.
What are ribosomes known as in the cell?
Protein Factories
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
What is the powerhouse of the cell responsible for cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
Mitochondria generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Packages and ships proteins
The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and prepares them for transport.
What is the function of a lysosome?
Contains enzymes to digest waste
Lysosomes help in breaking down cellular waste and recycling materials.
What is the plant-specific part that provides rigid structure?
Cell Wall
The cell wall is made of cellulose and supports plant cells.
What is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and convert light energy into chemical energy.
What is the large central vacuole responsible for in plant cells?
Stores water to keep the plant upright
The vacuole helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.
What is the structure of DNA?
Double-stranded helix
DNA carries genetic information and has a specific structure that allows for replication.
What is the structure of RNA?
Single-stranded
RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and gene expression.
What are the base pairing rules for DNA?
Adenine (A) ↔ Thymine (T) | Guanine (G) ↔ Cytosine (C)
These rules dictate how nucleotides pair in the DNA structure.
What are the base pairing rules for RNA?
Adenine (A) ↔ Uracil (U) | Guanine (G) ↔ Cytosine (C)
RNA substitutes uracil for thymine found in DNA.
What is the first step of the process where DNA makes a copy of itself?
Replication
This occurs during the S-phase of Interphase.
What happens during transcription?
DNA → mRNA
This process occurs in the nucleus and is the first step in gene expression.
What happens during translation?
mRNA → Protein
This process occurs at the ribosome and involves tRNA bringing amino acids.
