SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Question 1

scientific method summarized in four steps

Answer 1

1. hypothesis that is testable is proposed
2. objective observations are collected
3. results are analyzed in unbiased manner
4. conclusions proposed based on results of study and previous knowledge

Question 2

research

Answer 2

• systematic

- investigating subject

Question 3

science

Answer 3

• systematic
• objective study
• empirical phenomenon (see, hear, feel, touch)
• results in a body of knowledge

Question 4

scientific theory

Answer 4

• comprehensive explanation of things that you saw
• usually deductive
• always tries to predict laws and relationships using cause and effect

Question 5

theory building

Answer 5

• looking for patterns
• compare your results to others
• create body of knowledge

Question 6

independent

Answer 6

effect

Question 7

dependent

Answer 7

cause

Question 8

theory set of

Answer 8

• interrelated constructs
• definitions
• propostions that present systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables
• purpose of explaining or predicting phenomena

Question 9

theory is characterized by 7 assumptions

Answer 9

1. technical vocab
2. can be explained by a theory
3. tentative set of beliefs that can be verified by scientific method
4. can help predict events and simulate situation in lab
5. allows researcher to interpret results and to form conclusions
6. generates knowledge and leads to development of further theory
7. can be completely/partially true or completely/partially false

Question 10

concepts

Answer 10

symbolic representation of something

ex way child views spoon

Question 11

constructs

Answer 11

abstract or mental representation inferred from situation that you don’t directly experience (see/feel)
(ex we all take a shower differently)

Question 12

relationship

Answer 12

connections between 2 concepts, 2 constructs, concept and construct
(ex child learns relationship between spoon and eating)

Question 13

proposition

Answer 13

see a pattern/connection in a bunch of relationship

Question 14

hypotheses

Answer 14

proposition that you want to test

Question 15

research methodology

Answer 15

test hypothesis using a variety of research method

Question 16

data

Answer 16

• objective
• subjective
• empirical data

Question 17

law

Answer 17

if hypothesis is proven you can make it into a law

Question 18

naturalistic inquiry

Answer 18

• develop theory from observations
• natural world
• no experiment/control/manipulation
• letting things happen and studying as is

Question 19

observations>concepts>constructs>development>

Answer 19

hypothesis generation> observation>refinement of constructs>theory formation

Question 20

theory

Answer 20

taking a lot of propositions and putting them together, explain whole phenomenon that is being studied

Question 21

dissonance

Answer 21

• understanding of world, but you see something that you can’t explain
• oberve the world honestly

Question 22

objectivity

Answer 22

• can’t let biases affect judgement

- need to be self aware and undersand your biases and put it aside

Question 23

perseverance

Answer 23

key, persistent because many times things will not go your way

Question 24

intellectual curiosity

Answer 24

• curious about world around you

- critique or laugh and if you make a mistake you have to accept it

Question 25

self criticism

Answer 25

- accept criticism and change | - need to be able to critique yourself

Question 26

creativity

Answer 26

open and creative with coming up with explanation

Question 27

integrity

Answer 27

honest to... - data - self - subject - methodology - process

Question 28

replication

Answer 28

- whatever you do, anyone should be able to replicate your work - you are completely transparent

Question 29

in order to be a good critical thinker you need to

Answer 29

- know who you are - aware of your biases and look at things objectively - detail oriented - open minded - communicate clearly - active listener - intersceptive - think outside the box - interpret things from other perspectives

Question 30

methods for research

Answer 30

- quantitative | - qualitative

Question 31

quantitative

Answer 31

- systematic ways of collecting objective numerical data - considerable control - analysis of data statistical procedures

Question 32

quantitative characteristics

Answer 32

- relatively small concepts or constructs - preconceived ideas of what relationship is - structured procedures and methods - formal instruments to collect data

Question 33

qualitative

Answer 33

- systematic analyzing subjective narrative material - procedures has minimum researcher impose control - difficult to replicate - analyzing 1 and compare to rest, look for patterns and constructs (continue until data repeats itself) - story doesn't have to be verbal, can be written/pictures - no formal instruments

Question 34

ontology

Answer 34

- what is reality? | - way of looking at the world and saying what is reality

Question 35

epistemology

Answer 35

how do we come to know it? - observe - authority - experience - tradition - research - occupational scientist - clinicians experience, present and share knowledge

Question 36

experimental/quantitative

Answer 36

- logical positivism (single reality) - understood through collection and analysis of sense data - deductive research designs

Question 37

experimental continua of designs

Answer 37

based on degree of control, structure and purpose

Question 38

naturalistic/qualitative

Answer 38

- postmodernism (multiple realities) - himan experience is complex and cannot be understood by its parts - holistic views

Question 39

naturalistic continua of designs

Answer 39

-based on purpose, degree of investigator involvement and investigator imposed structure and control

Question 40

integrated research

Answer 40

mixing methods based on philosophy of pragmatism (practical/useful)

Question 41

selection of research strategy is based on

Answer 41

- your preferred way of knowing - level of knoeledge development in topic - your research purpose (why are you doing it)