Second Messenger Model

Question 1

what is the second messenger model

Answer 1

involves a hromone triggering the formation of a second messenger inside the cell which activates enzymes to carry out a function

Question 2

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 2

when liver cells convert glycogen to glucose and release it in the bloodstream

Question 3

when is adrenaline vital

Answer 3

during a fight or flight response

Question 4

what process is adrenaline applied to during the second messenger model

Answer 4

it plays a crucial role in rapidly making glucose available using glycogenolysis

Question 5

what is the first step of the cell singalling pathway for adrenaline

Answer 5

it binds to the complementary receptor on the cell-surface membrane of a liver cell

Question 6

what happens once the adrenaline is binded to the liver cell

Answer 6

the binding of the adrenaline causes the protein to change shape which activates a G protein

Question 7

what happens once the G protein is activated

Answer 7

is activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase

Question 8

what does the activated adenyl cyclase do

Answer 8

it converts ATP to cAMP

Question 9

what does cAMP do once it is created

Answer 9

it acts as the second messenger and binds to and activates many protein kinases via phosphorylation, amplifying the signal from adrenaline

Question 10

what happens once the protein kinases are activated

Answer 10

the protein kinases activate enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Question 12

what happnes once glycogen is broken down into glucose

Answer 12

glucose moves out of the liver cells by facilitated diffusion into the blood through channel proteins

Question 14

what happens when glucose is in the blood

Answer 14

it increases the blood glucose concentration so that more glucose can be delivered to body cells for respiration

Question 15

what is the full cell signalling pathway for adrenaline

Answer 15

1. adrenaline binds to the complementary recptor on the cell-surface membrane of a liver cell
2. the binding of adrenaline causes the proetin to change shape, activating a G protein
3. this activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase
4. activated adenyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP
5. cAMP acts as a second messenger which binds to and activates enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of glucose
6. protein kinases activate enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
7. glucose moves out the liver cells by faciliated diffusion and into the blood through channel proetj s