What are the social and cultural factors influencing the development of rational recreation from pre-industrial times to present day?
- The industrial revolution
- Urbanisation
- The emergence of the middle classes
- Improved communication
- The church
- Public Provision
- Working Conditions
What are the characteristics of popular recreation?
- Performed occassionally
- Performed during a festival
- Localised
- Un-coded
- Few, simple unwritten rules
- Participation rather than spectator
- Working classes
- Based on force not skill
- Wagering
- Limited equipment
How did the industrial revolution influence the development of rational recreation?
- More factories and houses built for workers meant there was less space for mob games
- Factory and church teams developed
- These teams allowed social control of the working classes by the middle and upper classes
- Middle classes made money from industrialisation
- Their children went to public school and organised sport
- Went to university = creation of NGBs
How did urbanisation influence the development of rational recreation?
- Less space meant that sport had to adapt
- Removed village v village competitions
- Specific facilities were being made
- Participation became more expensive so middle classes dominated
How did working conditions influence the development of rational recreation?
- More machines meant less workers which improved their health
- Health and hygiene began to improve meaning they were ill less
- Disease was reduced
- Better health among the factory teams meant they had more energy
- They became better and more competitive teams
How did the church influence the rational development of sport?
- Church were against excess participation of mob games and were more accpeting of rational recreation
- The church promoted muscular christianity
- Manliness and Godliness
- Organised church teams
- E.g. clergy set up Everton football club
- Provided land for sport to be participated on
- Lead to regular competitions
How did improvements in communication and transport influence the rational development of sport?
- Allowed workers to watch and play in matches/competitons
- They could now afford it due to increases in wages and cost of transport decreasing
- Railways
- Working class could easily travel to matches
- Telephone
- Easier to organise matches between factories meaning leagues and fixtures developed
- Newspapers
- Fixtures and results were published getting attention from the public and increasing interest in the sport
How did the emergence of the middle class influence the development of rational recreation?
- Factory owners supported sport as it improves morale and loyalty
- Provided land for players and spectators
- Promoted that sport improved health and social control
- Used the influence of universities to allow organisation of leagues and competitions
- Improved wages so workers could play to pay or watch sport
How did the ex-public school boys influence the development of rational recreation?
- Went to university bringing with them different variations of the game
- The parents of ex-public school boys often owned factories/became factory owners
- Some became members of the clergy and developed church teams
- Some joined the army and became officers
- Some travelled the British Empire and introduced new sport around the colinies
- Politicians
- Philanthropists
- Teachers
How did Public Provision influence the development of rational recreation?
- Created boroughs which led to regional teams being created and leagues developing
- Provision of parks and baths
- Washing was availible to the working classes
- Combat disease
- Banned mob games which led to better social control
- Seaside and countryside towns developed which meant that more spectators could support their home towns
What influenced the current sporting arena?
- Improved standards of living allowed greater participation among most social groups
- PE was introduced in schools as part of the national curriculum
- People became proffessionals based on skill rather than funding
- Media coverage moved towards TV which increased sponsorship due to the increased knowledge in sport
- Increased government and lottery funding led to improvement in transport and competitions
What are the characteristics of an amateur?
- Experience lots of different sport
- Grass roots to elite levels
- Discourages deviant behaviour
- No monetary gains
- Take part in sport for the love of it
- Participation is more important than winning
What are the current views of amateurism?
- Tends to be a lower status compared to proffessionals
- Some high level performers are not proffessionals
- Blurring of amateur and proffessional distinctions with less liklihood of exclusions as society becomes fairer
- Performance at the top level is open to all
- Some amateurs recieve finance to pay for training expenses through scholarships etc.
What were the old views of amateurism?
- High morality
- Sportsmanship and gentlemenly behaviour
- Held high status in sports and society
- Were the best players in their sport
- Middle and upper classes controlled the sport excluding many working classes from sports
- Games were not taken too seriously
- More likely that top performers would come from upper or middle class
- Had suffient income/leisure time to play sport for the love of it
What are the characteristics of proffessionals?
- High standards
- Train full time
- Sport is a business
- Earn money from sport
- Heavily influenced by commercialisation
- Winning is crucial
- Deviance
- High rewards through sponsorship
- Proffessionals compete as amateurs in olympics
- Spectator
What are the current view of proffessionals?
- Higher standards of performance
- Celebrity status
- High status
- Role models
- From various different financial backgrounds
- Proffessionals in all sports
- Social class is no longer a barrier
- People respected for their talents and efforts to reach the top
What was the old view of proffessionals?
- Amateur code used by upper class to exclude the working class
- Slowley developed
- Low status
- From a poor background
- Percieved as corruptable as he was controlled by money
- Early proffessionals: walking and running races and were paid for their results
- Training was specialised and winning became more important
What is the contract to compete?
An unwritten code governing how to strive to play fairly within the rules
What are the characteristics of the contract to compete?
- Competing under the rules of the sport
- Playing as well as they can
- Allolwing others the same opportunity to demonstrate their skill and effort
- Voluntarily accepting and understanding the need for codes of behaviour such as sportsmanship and etiquette
- Show respect for officials
- Show sportsmanship
What is the relevence of the contract to compete in modern day sport?
- Modern day performer is under huge pressure which can lead to deviant behaviour
- External pressure e.g. media and sponsorship
- Pressure increases with age as the performers ability decreases
- Pressure increases as the importance of the situation increases
What is fair play?
More than playing within the rules, incorporating the concepts of friendship, respect for others and playing in the right spirit
What is mutual agreement?
2 teams make an agreement for the good of the game and often as a gesture of good will
Can also be sharing a cup in a tied game
What is sportsmanship?
Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport
What is gamesmanship?
Succeeding in sport or gaining an adgvantage by bending the rules - using unfair practices to gain an advantage often against the rules/etiquette
