What is positive deviancy?
Over adherence to the normal values of society - over conformity to the sporting ethic
Give 3 examples of positive deviancy.
- Over training
- Competing with an injury
- Over commitment to win and unintentionally injuring another player
What is negative deviancy?
The motivation to win at all costs encourages performers who lack morale restraint to act against the norms of society.
Behaviour against societies norms and values and against sporting ethic
Give 5 examples of negative deviancy.
- Intentionally breaking the rules
- Doping
- Violence
- Match fixing
- Fouling another player
What is the conflict theory?
Looks at how society is viewed and effected by sport.
Suggests that progress or change is made by one group at the expense of another.
Negative concequences of sport leads to the conclusion that sport deadens peoples awareness of problems
How is elite sport functional in society?
The activity is seen as a socially valuable experience and can have a positive influence on peoples behaviour or attitudes.
E.g. respecting officials may lead to society respecting police officers
How is elite sport dysfunctional in society?
Behaviour is anti-social and the activity can have a negative effect on social standards
E.g. disrespecting officials may lead to society thinking it is acceptable to disrespect police
What is a TMO?
Television Match Official
Rugby union use a TMO who is a referee who can review plays by looking at TV footage as and when asked by the on field referee
What is hooliganism?
Acts of vandilism and violence in public places
What is football hooliganism?
Unruly, violent and destructive behaviour by over-zealous supporters of football teams
What are the causes of player violence?
- Win ethic and high rewards for success
- Importance of the event
- Nature of the sport
- NGBs are too linient with punishment
- Excitement/over-arrousal
- Referee decisions leading to frustration
- Provocation by crowd
- Provocoation by other players
What are the causes of spectator violence?
- Emotional intensity and ritual importance of the event
- Alcohol and drugs
- Pre-match hype
- Poor policing, crowd control and stewarding
- Lack of effective detterants
- The nature of the sport
- Gang culture, peer pressure or tribalism
- Poor officiating or frustration with offcials
- Violence by players on the pitch
What are the implications of violence in sport on the player?
- Player could face bans, fines or jail
- Player could be badly injured by violence
- Makes the player look bad which may = loss of sponsorship
- Breaking the contract to compete
What are the implications of violence in sport on the spectator?
- All supporters treated as hooligans
- Supporters banned from travelling
- Dysfunctional impact on society
- Lack of family atmosphere
- Fear of attending the event
- Innocent fans injured
- Impact on younger supporters
What are the implications of violence on the sport?
- Sponsorship/commercial deals withdrawn
- Negative impact on the perception of the sport resulting in the decline in participation
- Decrease in number of spectators
- Less chance of children being taken to games
- Teams banned from competing
- Increased cost in policing games
- England being portrayed as thugs and poor relationships with other countries
- Can’t host world events
What are the strategies to prevent player violence?
- TMO
- Reduces frustration of poor decisions
- Player less likely to comit violent act if punished
- Punish violence
- Retrospective punishments
- Promoting performers with good disciplinary records as positve role models
- Education campaigns
- More authority to officials
What are the strategies to prevent spectator violence?
- Ban on or control of alcohol sales prior to kick-off
- Increased use of police officials
- Sharing information about known individuals
- Tougher deterrents
- Banning individuals from travelling abroad
- Passports handed in during big tournaments
- Prison sentences or fines
- CCTV to identify and eject individuals
- All seater stadiums and family zones
- Encouraging responsible media reporting prior to matches
- Early kick-off times
What are the social reasons behind elite performers using elite drugs?
- Win at all costs attitude
- Fame and fortune attached to elite sport
- Very high level of extrinsic reward, money and sponsorship deals for being successful
- Lack of effective deterrants
- Poor role models setting a bad example
- Fear of not making it
- Rewards are worth the risks
- To be exciting and entertaining
- High expectations from peer groups, coaches and media
- Drugs easily accesible
What are the psychological reasons behind elite performers taking drugs?
- Beta blockers
- Steady the nerves
- Anabolic steroids
- Increase aggression
- Stimulants
- Increase confidence
What are the physiological reasons behind taking anabolic steroids?
- Promotes muscle growth
- Increased power and strength
- Reduced fat
- Allow to train for longer at higher intensities
- Increased ability to train more frequently
- Reduced fatigue
What are the physiological reasons for taking Beta Blockers?
- Used to improve accuracy in precision sports by steading the nerves
- Calming the performer’s anxiety by keeping heart rate lower and decreasing trembling hands
- They widen arteries and increase blood flow to reduce involuntary muscle spasms
What are the physiological reasons behind using EPO?
- Stimulates RBC production
- Increased oxygen carrying capacity
- Increases endurance
- Delays the onset of fatigue
- An athlete can train for longer and recover more quickly
What are the physiological reasons behind taking stimulants?
- Reduces tiredness
- Increases endurance
- Increase alertness
What are the physiological reasons behind taking diuretics?
- Increased production of urine
- Flush out residues from other banned substances
- Temporary weight loss
