1
Q
The Greek Case System: functions of the nominative
A
Subject; predicate nominative; naming things
2
Q
The Greek Case System: functions of the accusative
A
Direct object; motion toward; length of space or time
3
Q
The Greek Case System: functions of the genitive
A
- One noun limiting or depending on another
- Separation from; motion away from or out of
4
Q
The Greek Case System: functions of the dative
A
- Indirect object: ’to’ or ‘for’
- Instrumentality:’by’ or ‘with’. Usually does not require a preposition.
- Place or time when: ‘at’ or ‘in’. Usually requires a preposition such as ἐν. More broadly, absence of motion.
5
Q
The Greek Case System: functions of the vocative
A
- Allows the noun to be addressed directly.
6
Q
The Greek Case System: cases and motion
A
7
Q
παρά
A
(+ acc.) past, along
8
Q
ἀγαθός -ή -όν
A
good, noble, courageous
9
Q
νικάω
A
win, defeat
10
Q
τέλος
A
in the end, finally
11
Q
ἐμός ή όν
A
my; mine
12
Q
λόγος, ὁ
A
Story, tale (2a)
13
Q
σκοπέω
A
look (at), consider
14
Q
ἀναχωρέω
A
retreat
15
Q
ἐπειδή
A
when
16
Q
ἐπί
A
(+acc) at, against, to attack
17
Q
ταχέως
A
quickly
18
Q
ὥσπερ
A
like, as
19
Q
ἀπορί-ᾱ, ἡ
A
perplexity
20
Q
βο-ή, ἡ
A
shout
21
Q
γίγν-ομαι
A
happen, be made, be born
22
Q
δουλό-ομαι
A
enslave
23
Q
ἔρχ-ομαι
A
go, come
24
Q
θεᾱ-ομαι
A
observe, watch
25
μάχ-ομαι
fight
26
τόλμ-α, ἡ
daring, courage
27
φοβέ-ομαι
be afraid of, fear
28
What is the middle voice used for?
The middle voice indicates that the subject is both the cause and the focus, the agent and experiencer, of the action expressed by the verb.
29
Uncontracted middle verb conjugation: ἕρχομαι
1s. ἔρχ-ομαι I go, I am going
2s. ἔρχ-ῃ (-ει) you go, you are going
3s. ἔρχ-εται he/she/it goes/is going
1p. ἐρχ-όμεθα we go, we are going
2p. ἔρχ-εσθε y’all go, y’all are going
3p. ἔρχ-ονται they go, they are going
30
Middle imperative (based on ἔρχομαι)
s. ἔρχ-ου (s.), ‘go!’
p. ἔρχ-εσθε (pl.), ‘go!’
31
Contracted middle verbs: θεά-ομαι ‘I watch’
1s. α+ -ομαι → θε-ῶμαι ‘I watch’
2s. α+ -ῃ → θε-ᾷ ‘you watch’
3s. α+ -εται → θε-ᾶται ‘he/she/it watches’
1p. α+ -ομεθα → θε-ώμεθα ‘we watch’
2p. α+ -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε ‘you watch’
3p. α+ -ονται → θε-ῶνται ‘they watch’
Middle imperative:
α + -ου → θε-ῶ (s.), ‘watch!’
α + -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε (pl.), ‘watch!’
32
Contracted middle verbs: φοβέ-ομαι ‘I fear, am fearing’
1s. ε+ -ομαι → φοβ-οῦμαι I fear
2s. ε+ -ῃ → φοβ-ῇ you fear
3s. ε+ -εται → φοβ-εῖται he/she/it fears
1p. ε+ -ομεθα → φοβ-ούμεθα we fear
2p. ε+ -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε y’all fear
3p. ε+ -ονται → φοβ-οῦνται they fear
Middle imperative:
ε + -ου → φοβ-οῦ (s.), ‘fear!’
ε + -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε (pl.), ‘fear!’
33
Contracted middle verbs: δουλοῦμαι, ‘I enslave (for myself)’
1s. ο+ -ομαι → δουλ-οῦμαι I enslave
2s. ο+ -ῃ → δουλ-οῖ you enslave
3s. ο+ -εται → δουλ-οῦται he/she/it enslaves
1p. ο+ -ομεθα → δουλ-ούμεθα we enslave
2p. ο+ -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε y’all enslave
3p. ο+ -ονται → δουλ-οῦνται they enslave
Middle imperative:
ο + -ου → δουλ-οῦ (s.), ‘enslave!’
ο + -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε (pl.), ‘enslave!’
34
First declension nouns: characteristics of types 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D
- 1A-C are all feminine. 1D are masculine.
- ALL types have the same endings in the plural (as per fem. def. art.)
- 1A: endings same as fem def art
- 1B: replace -η with -ᾱ in the s. due to the ρ, ε, ι rule.
- 1C: short α in the s. nom and acc, otherwise as per 1B
- 1D: Two subtypes: η- and -ᾱ in the nom, acc and dat s. endings.
- In the gen and dat of all numbers, an accented ultima takes the circumflex.
35
Declension of noun type 1A: βοή, ἡ
βοή, ἡ, ‘shout’ (1a)
TYPE 1a nouns have endings in s. and pl. exactly like the f. def. art.
Singular
Nom. βο-ή
Acc. βο-ήν
Gen. βο-ῆς
Dat. βο-ῇ
Plural
Nom. βο-αί
Acc. βο-ᾱς
Gen. βο-ῶν
Dat. βο-αῖς
36
Declension of noun type 1B: ἀπορία, ή
TYPE 1b nouns replace the -η with -α (pronounced LONG) all the way through the singular. This is because their stem ends in ρ, ε, or ι.
ἀπορία, ἡ, ‘perplexity’ (1b)
s.
Nom. ἀπορί-ᾱ
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱν
Gen. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Dat. ἀπορί-ᾱͅ
pl.
Nom. ἀπορί-αι
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Gen. ἀπορι-ῶν
Dat. ἀπορί-αις
37
Declension of noun type 1C: θάλαττᾰ, ἡ
Type 1C nouns:
- Show -α in the ending of the nom. and acc. s. (pronounced SHORT);
- Switch to η in the gen. (-ης) and dat. s. (-ῃ: contrast TYPE 1b nouns);
- Usually have a stem ending in σ or a double consonant: but note τόλμ-α-ης
‘daring’ (1c).
θάλαττᾰ, ἡ, ‘sea’ (1c)
s.
Nom. θάλαττ-ᾰ
Acc. θάλαττ-ᾰν
Gen. θαλάττ-ης
Dat. θαλάττ-ῃ
pl.
Nom. θάλαττ-αι
Acc. θαλάττ-ᾱς
Gen. θαλαττ-ῶν
Dat. θαλάττ-αις
38
Declension of noun type 1D: ναύτης, ὁ variant
- Are all masculine
- Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ης, e.g.
ναύτης, ὁ, ‘sailor’ (1d)
s.
Nom. ναύτη-ς
Acc. ναύτ-ην
Gen. ναύτ-ου
Dat. ναύτ-ῃ
Voc. ναυ̑τ-ᾰ
pl.
Nom. ναῦτ-αι
Acc. ναύτ-ᾱς
Gen. ναυτ-ῶν
Dat. ναύτ-αις
39
Declension of noun type 1D: νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ variant
- Are all masculine
- Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ας, e.g.
νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ, ‘young man’ (1d)
s.
Nom. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱν
Gen. νεᾱνί-ου
Dat. νεᾱνί-ᾳ
Voc. νεᾱνί-ᾱ
p.
Nom. νεᾱνί-αι
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Gen. νεᾱνι-ῶν
Dat. νεᾱνί-αις
40
The sandwich construction:
The men's ship
The events around Salamis
The sandwich construction is the normal order for referring to 'the X belonging to Y:
- τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πλοῖον ‘the of-the men ship’
- τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα πράγματα, ‘the around Salamis events’
But all the following are also acceptable:
- τὸ πλοῖον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship of-the men’
- τὸ πλοῖον τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship the [one] of-the men’
- τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ πλοῖον ‘of-the men the ship’
41
The repeated article construction:
Whose ship do you see?
The repeated article construction can be used to answer a question such as ‘whose ship do you see?’:
- τὸ πλοῖον ὁρῶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ‘It is the men’s ship I see.’ (lit. ‘The ship I see the [one] of the men.’)
42
Article + preposition constructions
The events around Salamis
The men in Salamis
The women in the Piraeus
In Greek the def. art. + prepositional phrase can be used as an equivalent of a noun:
- τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα, ‘the [n. pl., i.e.] things/events around Salamis’
- οἱ ἐν Σαλαμῖνι, ‘the [m. pl., i.e.] men in Salamis/those in Salamis’
- αἱ ἐν τῷ Πειραιεῖ, ‘the [f. pl., i.e.] women in the Piraeus’
43
Ἀθεναῖος, ὁ
Athenian (2a)
44
ἀναχωρέω
retreat
45
ἀπορέ-ω
be at a loss; have no resources
46
αὖθις
again
47
βάρβαρος, ὁ
barbarian, foreigner (2a)
48
βέβαιος α (long) ον
secure
49
βραδέως
slowly
50
διά
(+ acc) because of
51
διέρχομαι (δειλθ-)
go through, (metaphorically) to relate
52
ἐλευθερίᾱ, ἡ
freedom (1b)
53
ἐλεύθερος α ον
free
54
ἐλευθερόω
set free
55
ἑμός
my, mine
56
ἐπειδή
when
57
ἐπέρχομαι (ἐπελθ-)
go against, attack
58
ἔρχομαι (ἐλθ-)
go, come
59
ἡδέως
with pleasure, happily
60
ἤδη
by now, now, already
61
ἡσυχάζω
be quiet, keep quiet
62
ἡσυχίᾱ, ἡ
quiet, peace (1b)
63
θεά (long α), ἡ
goddess (1b)
64
θεά-ομαι
watch, observe
65
κάλλιστος η ον
most/very fine/beautiful/good
66
λόγος, ὁ
story, tale (2a)
67
μάχομαι, (μαχεσα-)
fight
68
ναυμαχίᾱ, ἡ
naval battle (1b)
69
νικάω
win, defeat
70
νίκε, ἡ (long ι)
victory
71
ὁμόνοια, ἡ
harmony, agreement (1b)
72
ὅσος η ον
how great / how many
73
πίπτο (πεσ-) (long ι)
fall (as in die)
74
πολέμιοι, οἱ
the enemy (2a)
75
πολέμιος ᾱ ον
hostile, enemy
76
πόλεμος, ὁ
war (2a)
77
πότερον... ἢ...
whether... or....
78
προσέρχομαι, (προσελθ-)
advance, go/come towards
79
σιωπά-ω
be silent
80
σκοπέ-ω
look at, watch (active)
look into, consider, examine (middle)
81
στρατιά, ἡ (long α)
army (1b)
82
τι (no accent)
a, something
83
τολμάω
dare, be daring, undertake
84
φοβέομαι
fear, be afraid of
85
ψευδῶς
falsley
86
The active, middle and passive voices
Active: describes what the subject does to the object
Middle: describes what the subject does for or to himself (often does not have an object)
Passive: describes what is done to the subject
87
αεἴδω
sing of; sing
88
ὀλίγος η ον
small, few
89
οὕτως
in this way
90
ζητέ-ω
seek, seek for
91
οἱ μὲν… οἱ δὲ…
some (of the men)… others…
92
ἔνθα και ἔνθα
"here and here"; back and forth / this way and that
93
ἡμέρα, ἡ
day (1b)
Reading Greek - JACT
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
