Self Efficacy

Question 1

What is confidence/self efficacy?

Answer 1

• A ‘belief in your ability to master a specific situation’

Question 2

What is confidence based on according to Vealey?

Answer 2

• Personality: your level of competitiveness and achievement motivation
• Experience: amount of past success on the task and your belief in your ability to succeed in the future
• Situation: playing home or away

It relies on the interaction of all of the above as the combo of all three will affect confidence

Question 3

Trait vs State Confidence.

Answer 3

• Trait confidence: the belief in your ability to do well in a range of sports. It’s consistent, innate confidence shown in most situations
• State confidence: the belief in your ability to master a specific sporting moment. It’s situation specific, temporary as it can vary depending on the interaction of experience and personaility
• This is how a performer rates their ability to perform at a particular moment

Question 4

Vealey’s Model of self confidence.

Answer 4

• Looks at the influence of state and trait confidence, the situation and competitive orientation
• State/trait confidence combine to produce confidence in an Objective Sporting Situation (OSS)
• If it’s a skill you’ve completed successfully in the past, both state and trait confidence will be high but the OSS takes into account the conditions like crowd or pressure
• Performer evaluates result of performance
• Performer makes a judgement of how well they did, taking into account the OSS
• Result from that judgement may increase confidence and a good competitive orientation
• Means performer is prepared to try hard in most sporting situations and develop characteristics of approach behaviour meaning confidence gained in one area of sport may improve it in a different area of sport
• The judgement is known as Subective Outcome. If this is good then trait confidence and competitve orientation increase but if bad they decrease

Question 5

What is competitive orientation?

Answer 5

• How much a performer is drawn to challenging situations

Question 6

What is Objective Sporting Situations?

Answer 6

• The performance is a combo of the type of skill and situation skill it’s performed in

Question 7

How does competitive sporting situation affect confidence?

Answer 7

• Combines skill being performed with the situation it’s performed in
• Previously successful skill increases confidence
• Familiar situation such as playing home increases confidence
• Allows performer to evaluate outcome
• Increase confidence for next performance
• Maintains effort and task persistence

Question 8

What is the the self efficacy theory suggested by Bandura?

Answer 8

• According to Bandura, 4 factors affect confidence in any situation:
  1) Performance accomplishments - what you’ve done before
  2) Vicarious experience - seeing others doing it, most effective if of a similar ability - allows modelling and copying to occur
  3) Verbal persuasion - reinforcement and encouragement, most effective from significant others
  4) Emotional arousal - your interpretation of your level of anxiety
• If all 4 factors are positive, then a highly satisfactory performance will be reached

Question 9

How can you improve confidence through performance accomplishments?

Answer 9

• Set realistic/achievable goals
• Allow early success in training
• Set performance goals (NOT OUTCOME)
• Point out past success

Question 10

How can you improve confidence through vicarious learning?

Answer 10

• Show accurate demo’s using role models
• Allow modelling/copying to occur
• Builds confidence by seeing a successful performer
• More effective is performer is of similar ability

Question 11

How can you improve confidence through verbal perssuasion?

Answer 11

• Avoid social comparison
• Coach one on one
• Use rewards
• Give reinforcement, praise, support, encouragement
• Attribute success internally to the athlete

Question 12

How can you improve confience through emotional arousal?

Answer 12

• Stress management techniques to control arousal
• Use mental practice, visualisation and imagery

Question 13

Homefield advantage

Answer 13

• Can cause both positive and negative reponses in both teams
• Effects of homefield advantage is bigger if crowd are close to the pitch, if crowd is big and more supportive
• The more hostile a crowd, the more negative the effect is for them

Question 14

Advanatges for home team…

Answer 14

• Support and encouragement
• Familiar environment = optimal arousal
• Increases confidence
• Increases motivation
• Social facilitation
• Functional assertive behaviour (more assertion and correct response)
• Leads to more attacking fluid play and more wins
• Home crowd pressures the away team (anxiety)
• No tiredness from travelling
• More success at home - medals at olympics for hosts

Question 15

Disadvantages for home team…

Answer 15

• Can ‘choke’ - increased pressure and expectation raises anxiety and decreases performance
• Social inhibition
• Evaluation apprehension
• Players put pressure on themselves due to being at home

Question 16

Disadvantages of away team…

Answer 16

• Increased anxiety due to crowd hostility
• Less effective play due to proximity/hostility of crowd
• More fouls
• Social inhibition
• Away team motivated to defend