Self-Personality

Question 1

What is intelligence?

Answer 1

a psychological construct that is inferred and is a general Ability to reason, solve problems and achieve goals

Question 2

What is the ‘g’ factor by Spearman?

Answer 2

The general factor which forms the basis of intelligence

Question 3

What is the ‘s’ factor?

Answer 3

specific abilities needed to perform a specific task.

Question 4

What is fluid intelligence according to Cattell?

Answer 4

biological intelligence that doesn’t depend on learning or experiences and declines with age.

Question 5

What is crystallised intelligence?

Answer 5

increases with age as it is dependent on learning and experience (environmental intelligence)

Question 6

What is the theory of multiple intelligences by Gardner?

Answer 6

The idea that intelligence is categorised into 8 types of smart and is not generalised. The 8 types include: logical, linguistic, visual, bodily, musical, interpersonal and intrapersonal.

Question 7

What is the theory of emotional intelligence by Goleman (1998)?

Answer 7

He theorises that there are 5 emotional intelligence capabilities that improve through life. He believes that everyone has general intelligence that determines potential for learning these compentencies.

Question 8

What are the 5 emotional intelligence compentencies by Goleman (1998)?

Answer 8

self awareness

self regulation

social skills

empathy

motivation

Question 9

How do we measure intelligence?

Answer 9

cognitive psychology and psychometrics

Question 10

What is the difference between cognitive psychology and psychometric tests?

Answer 10

Cognitive psychology tests highlight biological and psychological processes.
Psychometrics have standardised scoring and are based on findings of factor analytic studies

Question 11

What are types of psychometric tests?

Answer 11

• Binet-Simon Test - introducted the IQ score and mental age vs chronological age
• Raven’s Progressive matrices Test
• Verbal Reasoning
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - tests verbal and performance (multi domain intelligence test)

Question 12

What could intelligence tests be used for in children?

Answer 12

diagnosing disabilities
educational guidance
determine ability
diagnosing subject matter difficulties

Question 13

What is the Flynn effect?

Answer 13

The idea that general intelligence has increased over a number of years

Question 14

What are potential explanations for the flynn effect?

Answer 14

improved nutrition
better education
heterosis (greater genetic variance)

Question 15

What is personality?

Answer 15

characteristic and stable set of behaviours, cognitions and behavioural patterns that evolve from both biological and environmental factors.

Question 16

What factors define the development of personality?

Answer 16

Environment and heredity

Question 17

What is the trait theory of personality?

Answer 17

belief that we can describe people’s personalities by main characteristics known as traits

Question 18

What is an example of the trait theory?

Answer 18

• Eysenck’s personality theory
• Cattel’s personality theory

Question 19

What did Eysenck believe?

Answer 19

That personality differences were caused by genetic inheritance.
He developed 3 main biologically based traits that he thought everyone had a part of: E - extraversion/introversion
N - neuroticism/stability
P - psychotics/socialisation
L- lie/social desirability (sometimes used)

Question 20

What did Cattel believe?

Answer 20

He found 16 personality factors using factor analysis. e.g. emotional stability: calm vs high strung

Question 21

What is the big 5 model of personality?

Answer 21

describes 5 factors of personality:
1. openness
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism

Question 22

What is the psychodynamic theory of personality?

Answer 22

• conscious (ego) - thoughts we are aware of
• preconscious (superego) - we can become aware if we think
• unconscious - (ID) - hidden desires and fears

Question 23

What are defense mechanisms that Freud suggested the ego uses to protect itself?

Answer 23

• Repression
• Denial
• Projection
• Displacement
• Regression
• Sublimation

Question 24

What is the Erik Erikson concept of personality?

Answer 24

He theorises that each stage of life is characterised by a psychosocial conflict to be solved to get an outcome

Question 25

What is the humanistic theory of personality?

Answer 25

The idea that all people have a strong desire to have self-actualisation and that humans have free will, are innately good and will be happy if their self esteem and self concept are positive.

Question 26

What is a theory that is an example of the humanistic theory?

Answer 26

Abraham Harold Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs. The belief that our behaviour is motivated by hierarchy of needs. When the lowest is fulfilled we aim for the higher needs.

Question 27

What is the social-cognitive theory of personality by Bandura?

Answer 27

emphasises importance of social learning, self efficacy, situational influences and cognitive processes. Belives that behaviour depends on personal factors (cognitive, affective and biological) and environmental factors.