describe the Key economic and environmental interactions between urban and rural areas (5)
- Water + energy in the city = pollution dumped in rural areas
- People (migrants) tend to migrate to urban areas whilst retirees return to rural
- Fresh food transported to urban areas from rural agriculture sites whereas processed foods are transported to rural areas as they are long life.
- Ideas in urban include clear land management and self-sufficiency whereas rural areas are subject to media and urbanisation
- surplus + savings in city, investment aids in rural.
evaluate at least one alternative approach to the management of land cover change referring to the concept of sustainability (8)
IN REFERENCE TO THE KACHANA PASTORAL COMPANY
- the first technique was to limit the area where cattle could roam, by strip grazing in confined areas (controlled by electric fencing), cattle were forced to eat more of the plant rather than just its lush growth.
- the effects included less wasted vegetation, less trampling effects, and easier mustering of cattle.
- the manure from the cattle also boosted the biosequestration process
- the waterways could be managed more easily due to the controlling of the cattle via electric fencing
- vermin were eradicated via combination of poisons, baits and traps.
- via controlling feral pests, mixed with the strip grazing- there was a remarkable recovery in habitat.
- there was an economic benefit too due to the fattened livestock and lower cattle losses
- freshwater systems on the property began to recover some of their bidiversity.
“Outline and evaluate a programme that addressees the impacts of land cover change, giving consideration to its environmental, economic and social benefits and costs”
- western shields aim is to protect the population of WA’s threatened native animals via controlling feral foxes and cats through baiting
- The social benefits to this program include that it provides multiple jobs with urban and rural areas- including administrative work, wildlife managers, and pilots that manage feral animals. The baits that are used are always dropped more than 50 metres away from major pathways.
- environmental benefits include; woylies turn over soil looking for fungi- individually turning over 5 tonnes of soil per year. Therefore an increase in the number of woylies= better quality soil. The 1080 bait has no harmful effects to the majority of native animals and breaks down quickly, however not all animals are immune and the poison resides in carcasses.
- Economically- 1080 poison is the only cost effective control method for large areas of land compared to alternative methods such as hunting, trapping and ground baiting. The costs for the current baiting program also far outweigh the cost of future restoration programs. The cost of captive breeding has also decreased.
Examine two adaptation strategies designed to change/modify the negative effects of global climate change.
- Dams and reservoirs are used in areas that are projected to see an increase in rainfall amounts in order to benefit from the changing climate. Dams and reservoirs were built on the ord river in kununurra, western australia due to the increase in rainfall during the wet seasons and the heat ridden, dry terrain during dry seasons. In order to create sustainability for crops and agriculture during the dry seasons, these reservoirs have been built to ensure the rainfall collected is used responsibly.
- Genetically modified crops are currently being used in the south west of western australia due to their predicted decrease in rainfall and rise in temperatures. Genetic modification is when individual genes with specific traits are transferred from one organism to another, GM plants mean that crops are alterered to make them more resistant to certain pests, insects and diseases, heat-tolerant, drought-tolerant, salt-toleran
Describe the process of carbon capture and storage?
Carbon capture and storage works by capturing CO2 from large sources (eg fossil fuel power plants), it is then transported and stored in a storage site. This is benefical as it reduces the amount of anthropogenic CO2 emitted. The storage of carbon occurs in underground geological formations often known as geo-sequestration
-occurs before-combustion, post-combustion and by burning the fuel in more oxygen and then storing all the gases produced (oxyfuel)
what are 5 types of renewable energy?
- solar
- geothermal
- wind
- hydro
- biomass
what is an argument against renewable energy?
some forms of renewable energy are intermittent as they only work during certain conditions ie. solar and wind.
what do we mean by function (urban)
functions refer to the various land uses and services found within urban and rural places
what is a functional zone?
functional zones refer to similar functions grouped together (eg CBD)
what is internal morphology?
the internal morphology is the study of the layout of functions within a settlement and the processes and interactions that effect settlement.
what is external morphology?
-the external morphology of a settlement refers to the nature and extent of its overall shape and boundary.
what do we mean by land use competition?
for example the CBD of perth. This area enjoys particularly good transport links and is a node for rail services. As a result land prices (economic rent) within this area are high, hence the reason that multi level buildings can be found there.
-as you move further away from the CBD, land prices become cheaper- hence why you see larger, single level properties.
what is urban sprawl?
urban sprawl refers to the low density outward growth of urban areas into the surrounding rural lands and ecosystems.
what is meant by the term invasion?
invasion occurs when one land use function begins to move into another land use zone
what is meant. by the term succession?
succession takes place when the invading function becomes the dominant function within the area.
what is meant by urban blight?
-urban blight refers to urban buildings and suburbs falling into disrepair, occurring due to uncertainty of future.
what is the urban shadow effect?
urban shadow effect: where structures in rural areas adjacent to an urban area deteriorate due to land use conflict.
what is agglomeration?
agglomeration refers to the grouping together or clustering of similar land use functions within an urban and rural place. For example Kwinana.
what is inertia?
inertia is a process that acts to limit change within an urban or rural area by refusing to move from original location even though the original benefits for the O.G location no longer apply. Eg, the old perth town hall.
define the 3 tiers of planning?
- -Federal government oversees structures such as ports, airports, national security structures etc.
- State governments are responsible for overall regional -and urban planning within their jurisdictions (local transport, land use planning, educational facilities. Future growth plans such as the greater Bunbury region scheme are all under state government.
- Local government authorities govern local council policies and bylaws, decisions on residential areas, pathways and roads. Individual land and building owners must obtain approval from local councils before alterations or buildings commence.
what is meant by economic and environmental interdependence?
urban and rural places rely on each other
-referring to flows of goods, people, capitol, and info between regions
how do rural areas thrive?
- responsible for the agricultural industry and exporting goods to urban areas
- seen as a natural beauty (encourage tourism)
- the elderly move their in their retirement to escape the buzz of the city
describe the importance of land management practices at ALCOA?
- Restoration and rehabilitation are vital in maintaining a long term sustainable environment for native flora and fauna.
- LANDSCAPING; refers to the flattening and smoothing out of surfaces after mining has stopped in order to blend the site into surrounding landscapes. Large logs and boulders that were removed prior are returned in order to create fauna habitats. Drainage is also created in order to allow for more natural water flow.
- PRE-RIPPING; occurs when the soil at the bottom off the mine site that was compacted during the mining of bauxite is broken up. The soil is broken up to ensure plants can grow.
- SOIL RETURN; soil from the overburden and topsoil layer that was stockpiled when the mine was created is returned to the land. This same topsoil and overburden is then ripped to a minimum depth of 0.8 metres to increase water storage capacity.
- FINAL CONTOUR RIPPING AND SEEDING; Mounds are made to minimalist soil erosion, native mixed soil is also added to the exisiting soil, and all flora re-introduced is the same as native vegetation.
- RECALCITRANT PLANTING; refers to planting plant species that re-sprout instead of growing from seed. This includes grasses and sedges that are grown from cuttings in a nursery and are then hand-planted.
- FERTILISATION; a single application of fertiliser (containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients) is applied in august via helicopter to promote growth of seedlings.
- DIEBACK; Dieback is a fungal disease that thrives in these jarrah forests, the pathogen feeds upon the roots of plants, causing the roots to die, this has a cascade effect as the outer branches of the plant then begin to die. This fungus is transferred when people or objects trample through it- spreading it to unaffected areas. A way to combat this disease that is being implemented is by thoroughly washing all vehicles before they enter a mining district. Dieback also spreads through moisture flow in surface run-off and groundwater, to avoid this, channels are dug to restrict water flow from mine sites and tracks.
- ONGOING MONITORING
what are some predicted impacts of global climate change?
- sea levels predicted to rise, from 2100 on sea levels could rise by 1-3 metres. this will be due to the extreme and frequent rainfall patterns that are predicted if gas emissions continue to climb.
- global temperatures are predicted to rise anywhere from 1-5 degrees Celsius as hot days become more frequent and cool days become less frequent.
