What are the three phases of the helping process?
Phase 1: Problem exploration, engagement, assessment, and planning
Phase 2: Implementation and goal attainment
Phase 3: Termination
Why is it important to tease these apart? ? Is there overlap?
- each phase has distinct objectives
- reassessment based on new information
What are the chief elements of Phase 1?
Exploring problems or concerns
Establishing rapport and enhancing motivation (whose motivation?)
Formulating a multidimensional assessment
Mutually negotiating goals
What is happening for the client during Phase 1? What are they “assessing”?
How long does it last?
- may last long term
- can this organization meet my needs?
- who is the person providing my care?
Stages of change in motivational interviewing
pre-contemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance/relapse
(Shulman, 2009) Warming up”: When is it helpful? When is it not helpful?
- beginning, when building repertoire
- as the assessment continues, may feel interrogating
(Shulman, 2009) “Tuning in”: What are the benefits of paraphrasing? What are the liabilities?
- make sure understand client’s comments
- seem repetitive
(Shulman, 2009) Genuineness: When is self-disclosure appropriate? When is it not? What is use of self?
- is this in the clients best interest or am I disclosing to release some of my own anxieties and discomfort?
- meaningful
- takes away from client-centered session and approach
Establishing rapport and earning trust: When do clients not trust? How is it best to engage this?
add
What are the benefits and risks of approaching cultural difference in Phase 1?
add
Developing mutual expectations: How is this best done?
- what do you expect from client
- what does client expect from worker?
- establish these role and expectations
Containment: How do we use silence effectively?
- allow silence when it feels meaningful
Touch: How do we think about touch? And why?
- stigma
- tread carefully (client’s trauma based, triggers)
What are 3 obstacles to direct communication?
Clients may feel ambivalent about seeking or accepting help
Societal taboos discourage “real” talk about topics such as sex, dependency, substance use, etc.
Clients may find certain feelings painful and frightening
What are 3 indirect styles of communication clients may use?
Hinting
Use of metaphor
Allegory or parallel examples
(Shulman, 2009) What is tuning in to the authority theme?
-power is always being negotiated and is always imbalanced between client and worker
-client’s concern he or she many not be understood
-worker taking defense and not “tuning in” to client’s needs
-
(Shulman, 2009) What does it mean to work from an inter-ethnic stance?
- need to begin with a broad aspect of family and recognize the myriad of forms that families can take
- focus on the relationship of culture and empathy “cultural empathy”
- diversity within diversity
- cultural competency is crucial to social work
What elements of the physical environment matter?
Adequate ventilation and light
Comfortable room temperature
Ample space Attractive furnishings and décor
Chairs that adequately support the back
Privacy appropriate to the cultural beliefs of the client
Freedom from distraction
Open space between participant
Hinting
Shulman, 2009
indirect cue
Use of metaphor
Shulman, 2009
-intended to send a message without expressing content directly
allegory or parallel examples
Shulman, 2009
-indirect communication
