session 9 (reading)

Question 1

Which two major conquests turned the Ottomans into a big naval as well as land power?

Answer 1

Constantinople (1453) and the Mamluk Empire (1516–17)

Question 2

(fill-in-the-blank): After the 15th century, the Ottomans acted as a ______-based empire, active in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean

Answer 2

sea

Question 3

In Reading 8, who were the Ottomans’ main rivals in the Mediterranean and in the Indian Ocean, and what did they fight over?

Answer 3

Mediterranean – Habsburg Spain, over islands, coasts, and sea-lanes; Indian Ocean – Portuguese, over control of spice and pepper routes

Question 4

Were Ottomans absent or active in the Age of Discovery, according to the reading?

Answer 4

Active participants

Question 5

What allowed the Ottomans to control routes across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East?

Answer 5

Military and naval technological advances

Question 6

By controlling sea-lanes, the Ottomans tapped into trade in ______ and ______, enriching the treasury

Answer 6

Spices and silk

Question 7

What was the aim of Ottoman economic strategy: opening the Atlantic or controlling existing trade routes?

Answer 7

Controlling existing trade routes, not opening Atlantic ones

Question 8

Name two ways the Ottomans used sea-lane control instead of formal monopolies.

Answer 8

Stationed commercial agents in ports, organised trade convoys, and imposed duties on passing trade (any two)

Question 9

Give two examples of new goods or practices entering the Ottoman Empire via merchants

Answer 9

New crops/foods like tobacco and tomato paste; leisure like card games; objects like watches, clocks, eyeglasses (any two)

Question 10

(fill-in-the-blank): Coffee, brewed by Ethiopians and used by Yemeni Sufis, became a global commodity in the ______ century after Ottoman conquest and export from

Answer 10

16th; Mocha

Question 11

According to the notes, what does Ottoman adoption and export of coffee show?

Answer 11

Openness to innovation, not anti-modern isolation

Question 12

How did the Ottomans handle European cartography and news about the New World?

Answer 12

They invested in maps and geography, adopted and reworked European cartography, and even wrote texts narrating French and Spanish American conquests

Question 13

(fill-in-the-blank): The Ottoman Empire became a refuge for ______ and some ______ expelled from Spain

Answer 13

Jews, Muslims

Question 14

Name two skills or benefits these expelled groups brought to Ottoman lands.

Answer 14

Navigation, finance, printing, science, and successful Hebrew printing (any two)

Question 15

How did the Ottoman treatment of expelled groups contrast with Habsburg Spain, and how did they use Moriscos?

Answer 15

Spain expelled Jews/Muslims; Ottomans gained their human capital and used Moriscos as spies and agents

Question 16

(fill-in-the-blank): The Ottoman ruler combined three roles: ______ (steppe/nomadic), ______ (Roman/Byzantine successor), and ______ (leader of the Muslim community).

Answer 16

Khan; Caesar; Caliph.

Question 17

Give one diplomatic or secular source of Ottoman legitimacy mentioned in the notes

Answer 17

The Franco-Ottoman alliance against the Habsburgs, or recognition from Mughal and Chinese courts

Question 18

What two examples show limits to Ottoman power in trade and war?

Answer 18

They could not monopolise the spice trade like the Portuguese tried, and they were defeated at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) by the Holy League

Question 19

Older historiography saw Ottomans as static and anti-modern, but Reading 8 shows they were technologically up-to-date, ______ and ______, and part of the same Age of Discovery system.

Answer 19

curious and adaptative

Question 20

According to the “Why This Matters” box, what is a good exam line about the Ottomans in the Age of Discovery?

Answer 20

The Ottoman Empire was a discovering, trading and mapping power whose control of Afro-Eurasian routes pushed Western Europeans into the Atlantic, making Ottoman history essential to understanding the Age of Discovery and the rise of the West