Geography Grade 12 > Settlement > Flashcards

Settlement Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Site

A

The actual piece of land on which a settlement is built

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2
Q

Situation

A

The location of a settlement in relation to surrounding areas

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3
Q

Rural settlement

A

Countryside. Most people living there are involved in primary activities. Usually uni-functional.

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4
Q

Urban settlement

A

Large settlements. People involved in secondary and tertiary activities, i.e. multi-functional

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5
Q

Pattern

A

The physical distribution of settlements within a given area I.e. nucleated or dispersed

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6
Q

Function

A

The main purpose of a settlement

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7
Q

Nomadic

A

Roaming from place to place for pasturage

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8
Q

Refugee camp

A

An area temporarily hosting people who are taking shelter away from their country due to war, persecution, natural disasters etc.

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9
Q

Influx control

A

Government control of entry into urban or other areas by work seekers and others.

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10
Q

Hamlet

A

A loose grouping of farmsteads +-6 houses and church (too small to be classified as a village

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11
Q

Metropolis

A

A large town/city or urban agglomeration (structured governance, commerce, religion or culture)

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12
Q

Conurbation

A

A continuous urban area.
An interlinked, built up area of previously separate cities.

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13
Q

Dispersed

A

Buildings far apart

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14
Q

Nucleated

A

Buildings clustered or close together

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15
Q

Uni-functional

A

One function - usually primary

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16
Q

Multifunctional

A

Many functions - includes secondary and tertiary activities

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17
Q

Complexity

A

Refers to the number and order of functions in a settlement

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18
Q

Settlement

A

A place where people live. A grouping of people, buildings, communication networks and activities functioning as a system daily.

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19
Q

Village

A

A cluster of buildings and some essential functions

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20
Q

Ideal site criteria (5)

A

Arable land
Pasturage
Drinking water
Fuel
Building materials

Flat, gentle, well drained, sheltered from strong winds, easy to defend

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21
Q

Wet point settlement

A

Settlement around the water source in arid regions

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22
Q

Dry point settlement

A

A settlement on high ground or above the flood line in an area where there is a risk of flooding

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23
Q

Advantages of dispersed pattern

A

Work for yourself
Make your own decisions
More effiecenr single piece of land
Make maximum use of machinery

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24
Q

Disadvantages of dispersed pattern

A

Lack of social contact
Less security
Not easy to receive help or assistance
Far away from essential services

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25
Advantages of nucleated pattern
Safety in number therefore safer Social contact and community involvement Help is available Close to essential services Share the workload
26
Disadvantages of nucleated pattern
Can’t make own decisions Can’t use own initiative Can’t use modern farming methods Scatter fields are time consuming Machinery is shared Profits are shared Separate between work and home
27
Rural settlement shapes (3)
Round or square: houses clustered around focal point Linear: farmsteads close to one another along a road, river or valley T-shaped, cross road, stellar/star: found at nodal point of transport or communication routes (junction of roads)
28
Rural-urban migration
The movement of people from rural to urban areas
29
Rural depopulation
The decrease in the number of people living in rural areas
30
Urbanisation
The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
31
Social justice
The fairness of a society in its division of rewards and burdens
32
Land restitution
Restoring land to the victims of forced removals or giving them financial compensation
33
Land redistribution
Transferring land to people who were previously denied access
34
Land tenure reform
How land is owned and change in land ownership
35
Rural-urban migration PUSH FACTORS
Unemployment - due to mechanisation on farms. Poor medical facilities Limited social opportunities and entertainment Widespread poverty Low and unreliable income from farming Natural hazards
36
Rural-urban migration PULL FACTORS
Better job opportunities Higher wages and more reliable income Better medical facilities Educational opportunities Better housing Social life and entertainment Better shops, transport, communications Improved standard of living Often relatives already migrated
37
Rural areas result of rural-urban migration
Aging population Abandoned farms Services and businesses close down Fewer jobs Ghost towns
38
Urban areas result of rural-urban migration
Housing shortages Unemployment leading to crime Traffic congestion Informal settlements Spread of diseases Increased pollution Overcrowding Pressure on service provision
39
Urban growth
An increase in the number of people living in urban areas
40
Urban expansion
The increase in the physical size of urban areas
41
Urbanisation
An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
42
Rate of urbanisation
The amount by which this percentage increases year to year
43
Level of urbanisation
The percentage of the population that live in urban areas
44
Megacity
Cities with more than 10 million inhabitants
45
Central places
Provide goods and services to the surrounding rural population
46
Trade and transport settlements
Established due to trade and transport
47
Break of bulk points
Where one type of transport replaces another
48
Specialised cities
Where there is one dominant function and the location is due to a natural resource
49
Junction towns
Nodal points which are importantly junction of rivers, rail routes and roads
50
Gateway or gap towns
Natural gaps through physical obstacles
51
Urban hierarchy
The arrangement of settlements in order of importance
52
Threshold population
The minimum number of people required to support a service of shop
53
Sphere of influence
The area from which a shop or service draws its customers
54
Range
The maximum distance that people will travel to use a shop or service
55
Lower order services
Small range, threshold population and sphere of influence
56
Higher order services
Large range, threshold population and sphere of influence
57
Who made the central place theory
Walter Christaller
58
Urban structure
The external, physical aspects of a city
59
Urban pattern
The way different functions and element are distributed spatially
60
Urban profile
The view of a city from the side
61
Land use zones
Areas with specific functions (and how they’re arranged in relation to one another)
62
Centripetal forces
Attract functions to the CBD
63
Centrifugal forces
Forces functions out of the CBD
64
Radial concentric advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: All roads lead to CBD Attractive Fewer intersections Disadvangtes: Irregular building shapes Congestions at the centre
65
Grid iron advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages: Easy to plan, lay out and subdivide Easy to navigate CBD Disadvantages: Many intersections (traffic) Limits free flow Long streets Steep streets
66
Planned irregular advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages: Aesthetically pleasing Fewer intersections Less congestion Follows contours to avoid steep streets Disadvantages: Difficult to navigate
67
Perimeter shapes (5)
Circular: around focal point Geometric: pre-planned cities built for safety Stellar/star: extends in several directions along transport routes Linear/ribbon: between parallel, physical barriers Satellite: where commuter towns are close to city
68
Piecemeal planning?
When cities are designed or planned bit by bit as they expand. Each new suburb may have a different appearance, but there is evidence of urban planning.
69
CBD
Most accessible Where transport routes meet Highest land values Highest building density Tallest buildings Concentration of shops and offices High order commercial functions
70
Light industries
Near CBD or residential areas. In planned industrial estates Near road transport Little noise and air pollution No heavy machinery
71
Heavy industries
On outskirts city on cheap land Near major road and rail networks Flat land Near water source Lots of air and noise pollution Dangerous
72
Residential
Middle/high income: Away from CBD Larger properties Good services Recreational areas Low income: Closer to CBD Houses close together Fewer facilities Poor services Smaller properties Informal settlements: City outskirts Houses build from plastic, wood, zinc Unhealthy conditions No service delivery Poverty Crime
73
Transition zone/zone of decay
Just outside CBD Mixed functions (residential, commercial) Decayed buildings Renewal Valuable land
74
Rural-urban fringe
Edge of urban area Urban and rural functions Cheaper land, large properties Plots and small holdings Airports, golf courses, power stations, sewerage works
75
Urban retailing
Increase in urban populations, expansion of suburbs and changes in shopping habits and greater mobility have led to more neighbourhood shopping centres
76
Facadism
When the original front structure of a building is retained but new structures are built behind
77
Invasion and succession
The process by which one income group replaces another in a neighbourhood or when functions change.
78
Filtering
A process where older properties filter down the social scale and become available to lower income occupants
79
Gentrification
The upgrading of older neighbourhoods but usually implies retaining the old style while improving and modernising.
80
Advantages of shopping and transporting changing to suburbs (from CBD)
Less expensive, less traffic congestion, less air pollution and high crime
81
Congestion: causes, effects, solutions
Causes: Too many people using own cars Not enough public transport Old street pattern Effects: Air pollution More accidents Stress, health problems, road rage Solutions: Improve public transport Lift schemes Decentralisation of businesses Synchronise traffic lights
82
Urban decay (overused parts of city): causes, effects, solutions
Causes: Too many people living in city Emptty buildings Effects: Slums develop Services decline Increased pollution Area becomes dirty Solutions : Renovation Renewal Reduce housing density Improve services
83
Overcrowding: causes, effects, solutions
Causes: High demand for land in city Too many people living in city Effects: Increased pollution Health problems Destruction of environment Production of too much waste Solutions: Decentralisation of functions Green belts Stricter control of pollution
84
Problems associated with informal settlements (7)
Lack of infrastructure Lack of social amenities Lack of clean drinking water Lack of proper sanitation services Risk of flooding Overcrowding Crime
85
Green belt
A stretch of land left undeveloped to act as a barrier against the uncontrolled spread of urban areas and to reduce noise.
86
Greenfield project
Development on land that hasn’t been developed before
87
New towns
Planned and built on new sites to decentralise urban functions and populations
88
Aims of new towns
Decentralise urban functions and populations. Stimulates economic growth by creating jobs. Provides housing and community services for growing population.
89
New towns planning goals
Open spaces and green areas Roads, parks Integration of physical, economic and social aspects Wide streets, trees, traffic circles
Geography Grade 12
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