anatomy > shoulder > Flashcards

shoulder Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the pectoral girdle

A
  • formed of clavicle and scapula
  • clavicle S shape allows 180 degrees lateral abduction
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2
Q

give an overview of pectoral girdle joint

A
  • 3 true joints= sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and glenohumeral
  • 2 other joints= scapulothoracic, subacromial
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3
Q

what type of bones are the scapula and clavicle? how do they move?

A
  • scapula is an irregular
  • clavicle is a flat bone
  • they move as a unit
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4
Q

what is the shoulder’s function?

A
  • mobility i.e. place of hand in space
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5
Q

shoulder stability vs mobility

A
  • stability compromised to increase mobility
  • ROM in all 3 planes
  • shallow socket, negative intra- articular pressure, weak ligaments and muscles
  • labarum + rotator cuff reinforces joint
  • stability and mobility needs to be in equilibrium to create movement
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6
Q

what is the only body link to axial skeleton?

A
  • clavicle’s articulation with sternum (acromion process)
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7
Q

what is the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • conformed by articular surface of sternum (manubrium) and lateral end of clavicle will articulate with acromion of scapula
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8
Q

what ligaments provide stability for sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • anterior sternoclavicular
  • posterior sternocalvicular
  • interclavicular
  • costoclavicular
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9
Q

anterior sternoclavicular ligament of sternoclavicular

A
  • provides anterior stability of the joint
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10
Q

posterior sternocalvicular ligament of sternoclavicular

A
  • provides stability in posterior direction of the joint
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11
Q

interclavicular ligament of sternoclavicular

A
  • provides superior stability as goes from superior part of joint
  • links both articulations
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12
Q

costoclavicular ligament of sternoclavicular

A
  • short but strong
  • goes from cartilage of first rib to clavicle
  • resists elevation of pectoral girdle
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13
Q

describe acromioclavicular joint

A
  • joint at the top of shoulder where acromion meets lateral end of clavicle
  • 3 axes
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14
Q

what are the 3 ligaments that provide stability for acromioclavicular joint?

A
  • acromioclavicular, trapezoid (inferior) and conoid
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15
Q

what is the degree of movement in acromioclavicular joint?

A
  • 20-30 degrees total gliding and rotational motion
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16
Q

trapezoid ligament of acromioclavicular

A
  • underneath joint
  • lateral distribution as inserted into inferior base of clavicle in trapezoidal line to provide stability for rotation
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17
Q

conoid ligaments of acromioclavicular joint

A
  • medial distribution
  • twists to insert into coracoclavicular inferior face
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18
Q

describe the glenohumeral joint

A
  • articulation between spherical head of humerus and concave glenoid fossa (scapula)
  • ball and socket joint
  • 3 axes; f-e; a-a; l-m
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19
Q

what is the role of the labarum?

A
  • increases articular surface for movement of head of humerus
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20
Q

what are the five ligaments of the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • superior, medial and inferior glenohumeral
  • transverse humeral and coracohumeral
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21
Q

what does glenohumeral joint contain lots of? what is the synovial membrane?

A
  • contains lots of bursae
  • synovial membrane is important as provides lubrication for movement of articular surfaces
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22
Q

what increases stability of humeral head during elevation movements?

A
  • tendon of the long head of biceps
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23
Q

superior glenohumeral ligament

A
  • provides stability in superior and anterior directions
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24
Q

medial glenohumeral ligament

A
  • provides stability in anterior direction
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25
inferior glenohumeral ligament
- provides inferior stability of the joint
26
transverse humeral ligament of glenohumeral
- keeps tendon on groove of humerus
27
coracle humeral ligament of glenohumeral
- superiorly located - starts in base of coracoid process and is inserted into humerus laterally from greater to lesser tubercle - stability in superior movements of head of humerus
28
coracle acromion ligament
- provides stability and reinforces the coracoid arch, which acts as a roof for movement of head of humerus and roof for subacromial joint
29
what is the point of bursas around joints? what is the bursa in fibrous layer?
- provide navigation for different muscles - sub coracoid bursa
30
sub coracoid bursa function
- decreases friction of movement of tendons of coracobrachialis and other muscles - important in fertility as if inflamed they can provoke pain, swelling and restrict movement
31
describe scapulothoracic articulation
- sliding junction between deep aspect of scapula and thoracic rib cage - enables integration of movements of scapula against underlying chest wall
32
describe subacromial articulation
- space directly beneath acromion and directly above shoulder joint
33
what happens to structures as arm is lifted?
- humeral head and acromion draw nearer - narrows space
34
what is elevation and depression?
elevation- moves up depression- moves down
35
what is elevation performed by?
- trapezius and levator scapulae
36
what is depression performed by?
- ascending part of trapezius, transverse part, pectoralis minor and latissimus dorsi - inserted into humeral bone so combined action depresses shoulder pulling down humerus
37
what is protraction and retraction?
- protraction involves moving away from midline - retraction involves moving towards midline
38
what performs protraction?
- pectoralis minor and serratus anterior - scapula glides around thorax in interior direction so medial border of scapula moved away from spine
39
what performs retraction?
- trapezius, latissimus dorsi and contribution of rhomboid major/ minor
40
what is upward rotation and downward rotation ?
- upwards> raising arms ; inferior angle moves laterally from spine - downwards> drop arms; inferior angle moves medially towards spine
41
what is upward rotation performed by?
- upper fibres of trapezius and serratus anterior - pulls inferior angle of scapula upwards
42
how is downward rotation performed?
- combo of scapula, rhomboids and pectoralis minor pulling the coracoid process
43
what is scaption ?
- moving the glenohumeral joint in scapula plane - 60 degrees angle away from midline
44
what is the scapulohumeral rhythm?
- ratio of glenohumeral movement to scapulothoracic movement during arm elevation - 2:1 ratio as 120 degrees of GH abduction and 60 degrees of ST rotation
45
inferior glenoid tuberosity
- provides insertion for long head of triceps brachii
46
supra glenoid tuberosity
- provides insertion for bicep brachii
47
what do you get if you follow the spine?
- blunt angle known as acromion angle
48
greater tuberosity
- lateral aspect of humerus - close to head of humerus
49
lesser tuberosity
- anterior and medial aspect of humerus
50
where is the anatomical neck?
- between two tuberosities and head of humerus
51
intertuberosity groove
- found between crest of greater and lesser tuberosity - provides pathway for long head of triceps brachii
52
deltoid tuberosity
- provides attachment for deltoid - triangular roughening in surface
53
radial nerve groove
- shallow depression on posterior side of humerus - insertion for biceps brachii
54
what is the glenoid fossa?
- hollow area that is the articular surface of scapula
55
what is infraspinous fossa?
- provides attachment for infraspinatus muscle
56
what is supraspinous fossa?
- provides attachment for supraspinatus muscle
57
subscapular fossa
- important for scapula stability and provides attachment for subscapularis
58
what does coracoid process provide?
- attachment for ligaments and tendons
59
what is olecranon?
- tuberosity that provides insertion for triceps
60
location, origin, insertion and action of descending part of trapezius
L= posterior side of pectoral girdle O= occipital bone I= (posterior) clavicle + acromion A= elevation+ retraction
61
location, origin, insertion and action of transverse part of trapezius
L= posterior side of pectoral girdle O= C7-T4 I= acromion scapula A= elevation+ retraction
62
location, origin, insertion and action of ascending part of trapezius
L= posterior side of pectoral girdle O= T5- 12 I= medial 1/2 of scapula A= retraction+ depression
63
location, origin, insertion and action of levator scapulae
L= posterior side of pectoral girdle O= C1-4 I= superior angle of scapula A= elevation
64
location, origin, insertion and action of rhomboid minor
L= posterior side of pectoral girdle O= nuclei ligament and spinous process C7-T1 I= medial border of scapula A= retraction
65
location, origin, insertion and action of rhomboid major
L= posterior side of pectoral girdle O= T2-T5 I= medial border of scapula A= retraction
66
location, origin, insertion and action of latissimus dorsi
L= posterior side of pectoral girdle O= T6-T12, L1-L5, crest of sacrum, iliac crest, inferior 4 ribs I= intertubercular groove of humerus A= depression, retraction
67
location, origin, insertion and action of subclavius
L= anterior side of pectoral girdle O= costal end of first rib +costal cartilage I= inferior surface of clavicle A= stabilises pectoral girdle
68
location, origin, insertion and action of pectoralis minor
L= anterior side of pectoral girdle O= anterior 3rd- 5th rib I= coracoid process A= protraction+ depression
69
location, origin, insertion and action of pectoralis major
L- anterior side of pectoral girdle O= clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage I= greater tuberosity of humerus A= depression
70
location, origin, insertion and action of serratus anterior
L= anterior side of pectoral girdle O= 1st- 9th rib I= medial border of scapula A= protraction
71
origin, insertion and action of supraspinatus
O= supraspinatus falsa I= greater tuberosity of humerus A= glenohumeral abductor
72
origin, insertion and action of middle deltoid (acromion part)
O= scapula acromion I= deltoid tuberosity A= glenohumeral abductor
73
origin, insertion and action of latissimus dorsi- adductor
O= T7-T12 I= intertubercular groove of humerus A= glenohumeral adductor, extensor and medial rotator
74
origin, insertion and action of pectoralis major
O= clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage I= greater tuberosity of humerus A= glenohumeral adduction, flexion and medial rotator
75
origin, insertion and action of teres major
O= inferior angle of scapula I= lesser tuberosity A= glenohumeral adductor and medial rotator
76
origin, insertion and action of coracobrachialis
O= coracoid process I= medial aspect of humerus A= glenohumeral adductor and flexor - lifts arm to 90 degrees abduction to allow horizontal movement
77
what is horizontal adduction performed by?
- pectorals major, anterior portion of deltoid and coracobrachialis
78
what is horizontal abduction performed by?
- teres minor and posterior fibres of deltoid
79
origin, insertion and action of anterior deltoid- flexor
O= clavicle I= deltoid humeral tuberosity A= glenohumeral flexor, transverse abductor and medial rotator
80
origin, insertion and action of posterior deltoid
O= spine of scapula I= deltoid tuberosity A= glenohumeral extender/horizontal abductor/ lateral rotation
81
origin, insertion and action of biceps brachii- flexor
O= long -supraglenoid tuberosity short- coracoid process I= radial tuberosity A- glenohumeral flexor
82
origin, insertion and action of triceps long head
O= infraglenoid tuberosity I= common tendon of ulna A= glenohumeral extender
83
origin, insertion and action of triceps medial and lateral head
O= posterior humerus I= common tenson of ulna A= glenohumeral extensor
84
origin, insertion and action of subscapularis
O= subscapularis fossa I= lesser humerus tuberosity A= glenohumeral medial rotator
85
origin, insertion and action of infraspinatus
O= infraspinatus fossa I= greater tuberosity of humerus A= glenohumeral lateral rotator
86
describe rotator cuff muscles
- important for active stability of glenohumeral joint - supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor
87
where are rotator cuff muscles inserted? what is their role?
- inserted around humeral head and main action is to rotate humerus medially and laterally - helps centralise head of humerus during movements
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