skeletal

Question 1

What is micromelia

Answer 1

shortened limbs

Question 2

What is Rhizomelia

Answer 2

shortening of proximal limb bones: humerus or femur.

Question 3

What is osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 3

fractured bones

Question 4

What is hitchhiker thumb

Answer 4

protruding, backward bent thumbs

Question 5

What is talipes

Answer 5

clubfoot: feet turned inward

Question 6

polydactyly

Answer 6

extra digits

Question 7

What is amelia

Answer 7

absence of one or more extremities

Question 8

What is achieropodia

Answer 8

symmetric absence of hands and feet

Question 9

What is ectrodactyly

Answer 9

split hand deformity, fusion of fingers on either side. (rocker or star trek hand)

Question 10

What is clinodactyly

Answer 10

overlapping digits and clenched hands

Question 11

What is an omphalocele

Answer 11

bowel trapped inside a membrane

Question 12

How should the fetal spine appear

Answer 12

Like railroad tracks, parallelwith tapering near sacrum

Question 13

What might cause fetal skeleton abnormalities

Answer 13

genetics or the fetal environment

Question 14

What is skeletal dysplasia? Is it serious?

Answer 14

abnormal growth and density of bone and cartilage. can be incompatible with life

Question 15

what is the term for abnormally short stature

Answer 15

dwarfism

Question 16

Which grows faster: midgut or abdominal cavity?

Answer 16

Midcut. we know this because of herniation

Question 17

what is gastroschisis

Answer 17

bowel outside the abdominal cavity, not in a membrane

Question 18

are periumbilical defects usually noted on the right or left of the umbilicus

Answer 18

right

Question 19

what is bladder exstrophy

Answer 19

when the bladder becomes exposed through a defect in the lower abdominal wall

Question 20

what is ectopic cordis

Answer 20

an exposed heart presents outside of the chest through clefted sternum

Question 21

Where do the urinary and genital system originate from? Where do their ducts enter?

Answer 21

mesoderm, the cloaca

Question 22

The mesoderm forms the urogenital ridge. what structures arise here?

Answer 22

The nephrogenic cord develops and then genital ridge

Question 23

When the genital ridge develops, it forms a different ridge in males and females. What are these called?

Answer 23

Mesoorchium in males and mesovarium in females

Question 24

What is pronephros

Answer 24

the first pair of kidneys that are non functional

Question 25

What is mesonephros

Answer 25

the second pair of kidneys that function briefly before degenerating

Question 26

What is metanephros

Answer 26

permanent kidneys that begin to develop with the mesonephros.

Question 27

Where do the permanent kidneys develop from?

Answer 27

metanephric diverticulum or ureteric bud and the mesoderm

Question 28

What causes variations in renal arteries? What percent of adults does this affect?

Answer 28

the persistance of arteries that normally disappear when the kidneys ascend. 25% of adults have 2-4 renal arteris

Question 29

By which week of gestation are the kidneys typically finished migrating into the abdomen

Answer 29

9th

Question 30

When is the fetal sex determined? When are these characteristics actually formed?

Answer 30

Sex is determined genetically at fertlization. Sex is distingushed interanlly at week 9 but won't be able to be determined externally until week 18 or so.

Question 31

Which reproductive organs form from the wolffian ducts?

Answer 31

male

Question 32

How long does the fetal bladder typically take to fill/empty

Answer 32

30 min. If the bladder isn't seen, reevaluate after this time

Question 33

What does the keyhole sign indicate?

Answer 33

the bladder and urethra are enlarged which may indicate obstruction

Question 34

What is potter syndrome? Is it severe?

Answer 34

bilateral renal agenesis, it is incompatible with life.

Question 35

When would a patient be considered Advanced Maternal Age? What is this associated with

Answer 35

35 years. Down syndrome

Question 36

What is hydrops fetalis

Answer 36

excessive fluid in fetal body cavities

Question 38

when might immune hydrops occur

Answer 38

when the mother is exposed to differend antigens like Rh

Question 39

can immune hydrops be prevented?

Answer 39

yes with RhoGAM it is rare

Question 40

What is the term for a blood sample obtained from the umbilical cord

Answer 40

cordocentesis

Question 41

What might vaginal bleeding in the 2/3 trimester be associated with

Answer 41

placenta previa or abruption

Question 42

What might a pregnancy with hypertension be associated with

Answer 42

small placenta causing growth restriction.

Question 43

What is preeclampsia

Answer 43

pregnancy condition where high blood pressure develops w/ proteinuria or edema

Question 44

When must a patient be diagnosed with HTN before it is declared chronic

Answer 44

before 20 weeks

Question 45

What is hyperemesis gravidarum

Answer 45

when pregnant woman vomits so much that she is dehydrated w electrolyte imbalance

Question 46

When is premature labor?

Answer 46

onset of labor before 37 weeks

Question 47

What is Spalding's sign?

Answer 47

Football shaped overlap of skull bones assocaited with fetal death

Question 48

Small for gestational age might be caused by..?

Answer 48

chromosomal anomalies, infection, insufficient placenta

Question 49

Are dizygotic twins fraternal or identical

Answer 49

fraternal. From 2 seperately fertilized ova

Question 50

Are monoygotic twins fraternal or identical

Answer 50

identical.

Question 51

What causes monochorionic diamniotic twins?

Answer 51

Division occuring between 4 and 8 days resulting in 1 chorion and 2 amnion

Question 52

Why are mono twins at risk for twin-twin transfusion?

Answer 52

circulation occurs in one placenta

Question 53

What is a vanishing twin

Answer 53

An early demise may lead to reabsorption of an embryo and gestational sac

Question 54

What is poly-oli sequence (also called stuck twin syndrome)

Answer 54

diamniotic pregnancy with polyhydraminos in one sac and severe oligohydramnios in the other.

Question 55

What is acardiac anomaly in monochorionic twins

Answer 55

One twin develops without a heart

Question 56

What causes conjoined twins

Answer 56

incomplete division of the embryo more than 13 days of conception

Question 57

Which baby is baby A?

Answer 57

the fetus in the sac directly over the internal os