Skeletal System

Question 1

the skeletal system is divided into 2 divisions

what are they?

Answer 1

axial skeleton
- skull, ribs, vertebra

appendicular skeleton
- pelvis, extremities

Question 2

what are the functions of the bone?

Answer 2

• support of body
• protection of soft organs
• movement due to attached muscles
• storage of minerals + fats
• blood cell formation

Question 3

what are 2 basic types of bone tissue?

Answer 3

compact bone
- homogenous

spongey bone

• small needle like pieces of bone
• many open spaces

Question 4

classification of bones

Answer 4

• long bones
• short bones
• flat bones
• irregular bones

Question 5

long bones

Answer 5

contain mostly compact bone

e.g. femur, humerus

Question 6

short bones

Answer 6

generally cube shaped

contain mostly spongy bones
e.g. carpals, tarsals

Question 7

flat bones

Answer 7

• thin + flat
• thin layers of compact bone around layer of spongy bone

e.g. skull, ribs, sternum

Question 8

irregular bones

Answer 8

don’t fit into other bone classification categories

e.g. vertebrae + hip

Question 9

diaphysis

Answer 9

shaft

composed of compact bone

Question 10

epiphysis

Answer 10

ends of bone

composed of spongy bone

Question 11

structure of long bone

periosteum

Answer 11

• outside covering of diaphysis

- fibrous connective tissue membrane

Question 12

structure of long bone

sharpeys fibres

Answer 12

secure periosteum to underlying bone

Question 13

structure of long bone

arteries

Answer 13

supply bone cells with nutrients

Question 14

structure of long bone

articular cartilage

Answer 14

covers external surface of epiphyses

made of hyaline cartilage

dec friction of joint surfaces

Question 15

structure of long bone

medullary cavity

Answer 15

• cavity of shaft
• contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
• contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

Question 16

where do projections and processes grow out from?

Answer 16

bone surface

Question 17

where do depressions / cavities arise from?

Answer 17

indentations

Question 18

what are bone markings passages for?

Answer 18

nerves and blood vessels

Question 19

what is the osteon?

Answer 19

unit of bone

Question 20

what does the central canal do?

Answer 20

carried blood vessels and nerves

Question 21

what does the perforating canal do?

Answer 21

carries blood vessels and nerves

Question 22

in embryos, the skeleton is …

Answer 22

primarily hyaline cartilage

Question 23

where does the cartilage remain isolated?

Answer 23

• bridge of nose
• parts of ribs
• joints

Question 24

… plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood

Answer 24

epiphyseal

Question 25

bones grow in ...

Answer 25

width

Question 26

what are osteocytes?

Answer 26

mature bone cells

Question 27

what are osteoblasts?

Answer 27

bone forming cells

Question 28

what are osteoclasts?

Answer 28

bone destroying cells break down bone matrix for remodelling + release of calcium

Question 29

bone remodelling is a process by both ...

Answer 29

osteoblasts + osteoclasts

Question 30

bone resorption

Answer 30

action of osteoclasts + parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 31

bone deposition

Answer 31

action of osteoblasts + calcitonin

Question 32

homeostasis in bones occurs by ...

Answer 32

direction of thyroid + parathyroid glands

Question 33

what does a deficiency of vitamin A cause

Answer 33

retards bone development

Question 34

what does a deficiency of vitamin C cause

Answer 34

results in fragile bones

Question 35

what does a deficiency in vitamin D cause

Answer 35

rickets, osteomalacia

Question 36

what do glucocorticoids do?

Answer 36

activate osteoclasts + resorption of bone

Question 37

the skull

Answer 37

2 sets of bones - cranium - facial bones only mandible attached by freely movable joint

Question 38

what is the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 38

hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity

Question 39

function of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 39

- lightens skull | - gives resonance + amplification to voice

Question 40

the hyoid bone

Answer 40

serves as moveable base for tongue

Question 41

the foetal skull is …. compared to the infants total body

Answer 41

large

Question 42

what are fontanelles and what do they do?

Answer 42

fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones - allows brain to grow - convert to bone within 24 months after birth

Question 43

the vertebral column

Answer 43

- vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs | - spine has normal curvature

Question 44

how can abnormal spinal curvatures arise?

Answer 44

- diseases - paralysis of trunk muscles - poor posture - pregnancy - congenital defect

Question 45

what is scoliosis

Answer 45

abnormal lateral curvature

Question 46

what is kyphosis (hunchback)

Answer 46

exaggerated thoracic curvature usually from osteoporosis or weight lifting at young age

Question 47

what is lordosis (swayback)

Answer 47

exaggerated lumbar curvature from pregnancy/ obesity

Question 48

the bony thorax forms...

Answer 48

a cage to protect major organs

Question 49

what is the bony thorax made of?

Answer 49

- sternum - ribs - thoracic vertebrae

Question 50

what does the appendicular skeleton involve?

Answer 50

- limbs - pectoral girdle - pelvic girdle

Question 51

the pectoral (shoulder) girdle is composed of 2 bones what are they?

Answer 51

- clavicle - collarbone - scapula - shoulder blade allow upper limb to have free movement

Question 52

the arm is formed by a single bond which is the ...

Answer 52

humerus

Question 53

what 2 bones does the forearm have?

Answer 53

- ulna | - radius

Question 54

bones of the hand

Answer 54

- carpals - wrist - metacarpals - palm - phalanges - fingers

Question 55

what 3 fused bones are hip bones composed of?

Answer 55

- ilium - ischium - pubic bone

Question 56

what do the bones of the pelvic girdle protect?

Answer 56

- reproductive organs - urinary bladder - part of the large intestine

Question 57

features of the female pelvis?

Answer 57

- Iliac bones more flared - broader hips - pubic arch = greater - lighter bones - sacral curvature = shorter + flatter - more distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities

Question 58

the thigh has one bone, which is...

Answer 58

femur - thigh bone

Question 59

what 2 bones does the leg have?

Answer 59

- tibia | - fibula

Question 60

bones of the foot

Answer 60

- tarsus - metatarsals - sole - phalanges - toes

Question 61

bones of the foot are arranges to form 3 strong arches, what are they?

Answer 61

- medial longitudinal arch - transverse arch - lateral longitudinal arch