sleep

Question 1

what is sleep

Answer 1

• altered form of consciousness
• natural loss of consciousness

Question 2

features of sleep

Answer 2

• periodic
• rapidly reversible
• distinct from coma, hibernation, anesthesia

Question 3

stages of sleep

Answer 3

• stage 1-3
• stage 4 (slow wave sleep)
• REM sleep

Question 4

EEG of awake state

Answer 4

• alpha and beta waves
• high frequency: lots of action potentials/active cortex
• low amplitude: neurons firing out of sync

Question 5

EEG of stage 1 sleep

Answer 5

• theta activity
• transition of wakefulness to sleep
• EMG: muscles still active
• EOG: gentle eye movements

Question 6

EEG of stage 2 sleep

Answer 6

spindles: emerge transitioning from light sleep to deeper sleep

Question 7

EEG of stage 3 sleep

Answer 7

• delta activity appears
• slow wave sleep

Question 8

EEG of stage 4 sleep

Answer 8

• continuous delta waves
• slow wave sleep

Question 9

delta activity

Answer 9

• low frequency: few action potentials
• high amplitude: neurons firing in sync
• indicative of quality of sleep and cognitive function next day

Question 10

EEG of REM sleep

Answer 10

• rapid EEG: brain activity forcing muscles to relax
• EOG: rapid eye movements
• EMG: muscles relaxed

Question 11

characteristics of stage 1 sleep

Answer 11

• eyes open and close
• person falls asleep

Question 12

characteristics of stage 2 sleep

Answer 12

sleep deeper

Question 13

characteristics of stage 3 sleep

Answer 13

• sleep even deeper
• less responsive to stimuli

Question 14

characteristics of stage 4 sleep

Answer 14

• very deep sleep
• reached within one hour

Question 15

characteristics of REM sleep

Answer 15

• irregular heartbeat
• shallow breathing
• penile erection or vaginal secretion
• vivid dreams

Question 16

characteristics of slow wave sleep

Answer 16

• slow EEG waves
• lack of muscle paralysis
• slow or absent eye movements
• lack of genital activity
• banal dreams

Question 17

sleep deprivation

Answer 17

• aka total sleep deprivation
• remove the ability for animal/human to sleep for a given amount of time

Question 18

circadian rhythm

Answer 18

• internal biological clock of 24 hour cycle of day and night
• body temperature rises and drops- peak during the day
• altered by age and experience
• changes in energy level, mood, and efficiency throughout the day
• controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

Question 19

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 19

• just above the optic nerve
• bright morning light activates light-sensitive proteins that trigger the SCN
• decreased melatonin production in the morning and increased production in the evening (low light)
• damaged: become “free-running”

Question 20

why do we sleep

Answer 20

• protective role in human evolution
• conserves energy
• restore and repair damaged neurons
• promotes creative problem solving
• pituitary gland secretes growth hormone for muscle development (deep sleep)
• promote function of glymphatic system to clear wastes

Question 21

sleep restriction

Answer 21

people are allowed to sleep but it is restricted to a specific amount of time

Question 22

insomnia

Answer 22

inability to start of maintain sleep over at least three nights

Question 23

sleep apnea

Answer 23

cannot sleep and breathe at the same time

Question 24

narcolepsy

Answer 24

difficulty maintaining wakefulness

Question 25

cataplexy

Answer 25

- struck by paralysis but conscious - triggered by strong emotions - enter REM sleep as soon as they fall asleep - feature of narcolepsy

Question 26

REM behaviour disorder

Answer 26

- older adult acts out REM dreams - strong predictor of future neurodegenerative disorders

Question 27

dream

Answer 27

- altered form of consciousness - sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind - usually dream of ordinary events and everyday experiences, most involving anxiety or misfortune

Question 28

freud's wish-fulfillment

Answer 28

- satisfaction of a desire - dreams have a hidden meaning - dreams express otherwise unacceptable feelings - critique: dream content is often negative in nature

Question 29

information processing

Answer 29

- dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories - critique: sometimes dream of things that we have not experienced or past events

Question 30

psychological function

Answer 30

- regular brain stimulation from REM sleep -> help develop and preserve neural pathways - critique: does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams

Question 31

activation-synthesis

Answer 31

- REM sleep **triggers neural activity** that evokes **random stimuli and memories** that sleeping brain weaves into narrative - critique: individual's brain is weaving the story -> still tells us something about the dreamer

Question 32

cognitive development

Answer 32

- dream content reflects dreamers' level of cognitive development (**knowledge and understanding**) - dreams simulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios - critique: **doesnot propose adaptive function of our dreams**