1
Q
5 Elements common to all living things?
A
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton
2
Q
Structure of the plasma membrane?
A
Its a bilayer made of phospholipids with embedded protein molecules
3
Q
Parts of a phospholipid layer?
A
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
4
Q
T/F the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic to water soluble substances>
A
TRUE
5
Q
What can enter the plasma membrane through transport protein channels?
A
Selected substances can penetrate cell membranes through transport protein channels
6
Q
T/F The plasma membrane in Semi-permeable?
A
TRUE
7
Q
Semi-permeable definition?
A
Allows certain substances to pass through it but not others
8
Q
Bilayer of phospholipid molecules with embedded protein molecules
A
Plasma Membrane
9
Q
What does the central region of all cells contain?
A
DNA (hereditary info)
10
Q
Cytoplasm?
A
Describes all material within a eukaryotic cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane
11
Q
Describes all material within a eukaryotic cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane is the?
A
Cytoplasm
12
Q
Cytosol?
A
aqueous portion of the cytoplasm. contains water, dissolved ions, and various organic molecules
13
Q
Aqueous portion of the cytoplasm is the?
A
Cytosol
14
Q
Cytoskeleton purpose?
A
Maintains cell shape and plays a roll in cell division and chromosome segregation
15
Q
what is in animal and not plant?
A
Lysosomes, centrioles and flagella
16
Q
whats in plants and not animals?
A
Central Vacuole, Cell wall, plasmodesmata, and chloroplasts
17
Q
Domains in Prokaryotes?
A
Bacteria and Archaea
18
Q
Domains in Eukaryotic?
A
Protists, Fungi, animals, and plants
19
Q
One lacking a nucleus?
A
prokaryotes
20
Q
Where is DNA in Prokayotes?
A
unbound region called the nucleoid
21
Q
prokaryotes lack?
A
membrane bound organelles
22
Q
3 shapes of prokaryotes?
A
Spherical, rodlike, and spiral
23
Q
Spherical rodlike and spiral are types of?
A
prokaryote shapes
24
Q
DNA is copied into mRNA molecules and carried to the ___
A
Ribosome
25
Ribosomes...
turn amino acids into proteins
26
Plasma membrane is coated with?
polysaccharides (Glycocalyx-sugar)
27
Plasmids are?
extrachromosomal DNA and can complete horizontal gene transfer
28
___ attached the cell to surfaces
Pili
29
Eukaryotic ribosomes are located in the ___ or attached to ___
Cytosol and rough ER (nuclear envelope)
30
The endomembrane system divides the ___ into functional and structural compartments
Cytoplasm
31
Cellular respiration occurs in the ___
Mitochondria
32
ATP synthesis occurs in the ___
Mitochondria
33
The Eukaryotic cytoskeleton maintains ___ and mediates trafficking of __ across the cell
Cell Shape, cargo
34
Animal cells have ___ ___ ___and plants don't
Lysosomes, Centrioles, and Flagella
35
Plants Cells have ____ ____ ___ ___ and animals don't
Chloroplasts, cell wall, Plasmodesmata, and central Vacuole
36
The _____ encloses the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
37
the ___ separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
38
The nucleus contains most of the cells ___
DNA
39
The nuclear membrane is made up of ____
two lipid bilayer membranes
40
The nuclear pore is a _____ in the nuclear envelope
protein lined channel
41
The nuclear pore regulates the ____ of molecules between the ____ and the ____
transport, nucleus and cytoplasm
42
The nuclear lamina is a _____ network of intermediate ____ and membrane associated with ____ located on the ____
dense fibrillar, filaments, with proteins, inner surface of the nuclear envelope
43
The Nucleolus is located in the ____
middle of the nucleus
44
The nucleolus participates in ___
assembling ribosomes
45
Chromatin is a complex of ___ and ___ that form ___ within the nucleus
DNA and proteins, chromosomes
46
Ribosomes are made of ___ and ___
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
47
Ribosomes carry out synthesis in the ___ and on the ___
Cytosol and outside of the Rough ER or nuclear envelope
48
Ribosomes are composed of two subunits a ___ and __
Large and small subunit
49
Ribosomes serve as the site of ____ synthesis via ____ the message and formation of ____ bonds
protein synthesis via decoding, peptide
50
Endomembrane system is a network of _____
membrane bound organelles
51
The organelles in the endomembrane system are responsible to ___, ___, and ____ cargo (lipids and proteins) to specific _____ or secretion
Modify, package, and transport, cellular compartments
52
nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicles, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Plasma Membrane are part of the ____
Endomembrane system
53
The endomembrane system does not include ___ or ___
Plastids or Mitochondria
54
The endoplasmic Reticulum accounts for more than ___ of the total ____ in eukaryotes
half, membrane
55
The ER has two sections: ______
The smooth and Rough ER
56
The smooth ER lacks___
Ribosomes
57
The rough ER has ___
Ribosomes studding its surface
58
The ER has distinct domains consisting of ___, ____, ___,___, ___, etc
Tubules, sheets, constrictions, exit sites, organelle contact sites, etc
59
The Rough ER acts as a ____ for the cell
membrane factory
60
The Rough ER is involved with ___ and ___ of proteins which are distributes by ____ _____
modification and folding of proteins, transport vesicles
61
The rough ER manufactures ___ by producing ___ ___ and ____ molecules
membranes, membrane proteins and phospholipid molecules
62
The Rough ER transports ___ ___ from the ER to the ____ ____
cargo proteins, Golgi Apparatus
63
The smooth ER synthesizes ___ and ___
lipids and steroids
64
The Smooth ER regulates ___ ____
Carbohydrate metabolism (glycogen)
65
The Smooth ER stores ___ in a ___ ____
calcium in a Sarcoplasmic reticulum
66
The Smooth ER detoxifies ___ and ___
Toxins and drugs
67
The Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a ____
specialized form of the ER in muscle cells
68
the Golgi Apparatus consists of ____ ___ called ____
flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
69
the cisternae can be broken down into 3 faces:
Cis, Medial, and Trans Faces
70
The Golgi apparatus modifies ____ of the ___
modifies products of the ER
71
The Golgi Apparatus manufactures certain ___
macromolecules
72
The Golgi Apparatus ___ and ____ materials into ___
sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
73
a Lysosome is a ___ ___ of ___ ___
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
74
Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze ___, ___, ___, and ____
proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
75
Lysosomes use enzymes to ___ ___ and __
recycles macromolecules and organelles
76
Autophagy is the process in which _____
enzymes are used to recycle macromolecules and organelles.
77
____ is the cellular process by which a cell uses its PM to engulf a large particle which creates an internal compartment (lysosome) called the phagosome
Phagocytosis
78
Phagocytosis uses the _____ to engulf particles which creates an internal compartment called the ____
Plasma Membrane, Phagosome
79
Autophagy is the ____ and the cell that removes ___ or ___ ___
degradation, unnecessary or dysfunctional components
80
Autophagy uses a ____ regulated ____
lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism
81
Autophagy allows for the orderly ___ and ___ of cellular components
degradation and recyling
82
Mitophagy is the _____
autophagy of a mitochondria
83
Vesicles are a major ___ of the _____ ____ and the ___ ___ ___ that connects them
organelle of the endomembrane system and the membrane exchange routes that connect them
84
the Vesicles consists of a ___ or ___enclosed by a membrane layer
liquid or cytoplasm
85
Vacuoles are ____
membrane bound sacs
86
Food vacuoles are formed by ___
Phagocytosis
87
Contractile vacuoles ___ ___ ___ __ __ ___
pump excess water out of cells
88
Central Vacuoles have ____ roles
Storage
89
Central Vacuoles store __ ___ __ __ and control ___ ___
Salts, nutrients, proteins, pigments, and control turgor pressure
90
Mitochondria is the site of ____ and ___
cellular respiration and ATP synthesis
91
Chloroplasts are the site of ___
photosynthesis
92
T/F Mitochondria and chloroplast are a part of the endomembrane system
FALSE
93
Both the mitochondria and chloroplasts are double membrane bounded organelles that generate ___ ___, evolved by ___, contain their own ___, and independently replicate by ____
metabolic energy, evolved by endosymbiosis, contain their own genome, and independently replicate by division
94
Peroxisomes are ____ organelles
oxidative
95
Mitochondria have a smooth ____ ____ and a ___ ___ folded into Cristae
outer membrane and a inner membrane
96
The inner membrane creates two compartments: _______ space and _____ matrix
intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
97
Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that _____ ____
synthesize ATP
98
Chloroplasts are a part of the ___ organelle family
plastid
99
Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called __
Chlorophyll
100
Chloroplasts consist of an ___ and ___ membrane
Outer and inner
101
granum are made up of __
stacked Thylakoids
102
The inner fluid of a chloroplast is called ___
stroma
103
Peroxisomes are specialized _____ ____ bounded by a single membrane
metabolic compartments
104
Peroxisomes carry out _____ reactions
oxidative
105
Peroxisomes produces ____ ____ and convert it to ___ and ___
hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water and oxygen
106
Glyoxysome is a specialized ____ found in plants and mold
peroxisome
107
Glyoxysome converts stored ___ into ___
lipids into carbohydrates
108
The cytoskeleton is a network of ___ extending throughout the cytoplasm
fibers
109
The cytoskeleton organizes the ___ ___, anchors ____, and regulates ___ activity
cells structure, anchors organelles, and regulates cell activity
110
Microtubules- the ___ of the 3 cytoskeleton components
Thickest
111
Microfilaments- the ___ of the 3 cytoskeleton components.
thinnest
112
Microfilaments are also known as ___ filaments
Actin
113
Intermediate filaments- The ___ of the 3 cytoskeleton components
middle sized
114
The cytoskeleton plays a role in ___, ___, ____, and ____
support, motility, cell shape, and growth regulation
115
Microtubules are ___ __
hollow rods
116
Microtubules are composed of _ and _ ____ ____ assembled into linear protofilaments
A and B tubulin subunits
117
Functions of the microtubules include ___ the cell, guiding ____ of organelles, separating ___ during cell division, and being the internal structure of ___ and ___
shaping the cell, guiding the movement, separating chromosomes during cell division, and being the internal structure of cilia and flagella
118
MTOCs are ___
microtubule organizing center
119
MTOCs are where ___ ___
microtubules nucleate
120
Microtubules grow out from a ___
centrosome
121
The ___ is a "microtubule organizing centre"
centrosome
122
In animals, the centrosome has a pair of ___ each with __ ___ of microtubules arranged in a ring
centrioles each with nine triplets of microtubules
123
Microtubules extend from centrioles in all directions, forming the ___
Spindle
124
Cilia and Flagella are ___ ___
cellular appendages
125
Cilia are a ____ ___ organelle found on most ____
membrane bound, eukaryotes
126
Flagella are a ___ like organelle found on ___ cells in eukaryotes and many ____
whip like, protozoans
127
T/F Cilia and flagella differ in beating patterns
True
128
A ___ ___ anchors cilia and flagella
Basal Body
129
a motor protein called ___ drives the bending motion in Cilia and Flagella
Dynein
130
Microfilaments that function in cellular motility contain __ in addition to actin
Myosin
131
Cytoplasmic streaming is a ___ flow of ___ within cells
circular flow of cytoplasm
132
In plant cells, ___-___ interactions drive cytoplasmic streaming
actin-myosin
133
Intermediate filaments form ___ ___
nuclear lamina
134
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is in animals cells instead of a ___ ___
cell wall
135
extracellular structures include ___ ___ of plants, extracellular matrix of ___, and intercellular ___
cell wall of animals, ECM of animals, and intercellular junctions
136
Plant cell walls are made of ___
cellulose
137
3 layers of cell wall?
primary cell wall, middle lamina, secondary cell wall
138
____ are channels between adjacent plant cells
Plasmodesmata
139
Plasmodesmata allows for ___ between cells
communication
140
Animal cells lack a cell wall but are covered by a ___ __
extracellular matrix (ECM)
141
the ECM is made of ____ and ____
glycoproteins and macromolecules
142
Functions of the ECM (4)
Support, adhesion, movement, and regulation.
143
Intercellular junctions are used for ____ in ___ cells
communication in animal cells
144
the plasmodesmata allows for transport of ____ from cell to cell
molecules
145
___ are membranes of neighboring cells pushing up against each other to prevent leakage
tight junctions
146
___ fasten cells together into strong sheets
Desmosomes
147
___ provide cytoplasmic channels
Gap Junctions (animal version of plasmodesmata )
Biology 120
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