Biology 120 > Slide Set 4 > Flashcards

Slide Set 4 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Living organisms must be able to __ to be viable

A

Reproduce

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2
Q

At the cellular, reproduction is synonymous with ___/____?

A

Cell division/replication

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3
Q

At the cellular level, Cell division/replication is synonymous with ___

A

reproduction

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4
Q

____ can occur once or many times in the life of a cell (cell cycle)

A

Replication

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5
Q

The ____ ___ is composed of replicative and quiescent (growth) stages

A

Cell Cycle

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6
Q

The cell cycle is composed of ___ and ___ stages

A

replicative and growth

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7
Q

What domain grows and divides to propagate

A

Bacteria

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8
Q

Once the __ is duplicated, each __ actively migrates to an opposite end of the cell (Same word)

A

ORI (origin of replication)

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9
Q

examples of environmental limitations for replication? (4 total)

A

Nutrient shortage, pH, Predators, toxins, etc

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10
Q

As long as there are resources avaliable, continuous cell proliferation is ___

A

advantageous

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11
Q

Continuous cell proliferation is advantages when ___

A

there are resources available

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12
Q

Positive regulations (proliferations is ON unless ___

A

environmental conditions deteriorate

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13
Q

Early in embryonic development, cells need to constantly replicate to generate all ___ and ___

A

Tissues and organs

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14
Q

T/F Neurons eventually stop dividing and will never divide again

A

True

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15
Q

____ cells remain undifferentiated and are used to replenish cells later in life

A

Stem

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16
Q

the process by which cells communicate with their environment, each other, and their internal components to process information and trigger responses like cell division, metabolism, or programmed cell death

A

signaling

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17
Q

____ retain replicative capacity to replenish other cells and tissues

A

Stem Cells

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18
Q

You loose stem cells as you __

A

age

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19
Q

Steps of the cell cycle

A

growth, replication, segregation, cleavage

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20
Q

growth, replication, segregation and cleavage are all steps in the ___

A

Cell cycle

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21
Q

In ___ (domain), cell growth takes place throughout most of the cell and the duplicated chromosome are distributed to daughter cells in association with the plasma membrane.

A

Bacteria

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22
Q

In ____ the cell cycle consists of four discrete phases (g1 s g2 and M)

A

Eukaryotes

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23
Q

3 stages of the bacterial cell cycle

A

B, C, D period

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24
Q

___ period: extends from end of the cell cycle to the beginning of DNA replication

A

B

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25
__ period: the period required for chromosome replication
C
26
___ period: the time between completion of chromosome replication and the completion of the cell cycle
D
27
The process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two.
Mitosis
28
___ has evolved from an early form of binary fission
Mitosis
29
Bacteria cell cycle alternative name
Binary fission
30
Binary fission starts at the ___ of ___
Origin of replication (ORI)
31
Division of the ___ occurs when the call wall material grows inward until the cell is separated into 2 parts
Cytoplasm
32
Stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle? (3)
Interphase, PMAT, telekinesis
33
Stages of interphase
G1, S (synthesis), G2, M phase (Mitosis and cytokinesis)
34
G1, S, G2, and M are phases of __
Interphase
35
Discrete chromosomes are the genetic units divided by __
Mitosis
36
___ extends from the end of one mitosis to the beginning of the next mitosis
Interphase
37
5 stages of mitosis
PPMAT (Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
38
What is PPMAT
Stages of mitosis (Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
39
__ completes cell division by dividing the cytoplasm between daughter cells
Cytokinesis (Cyto-plasm and Cyto-kinesis)
40
____ act as gates(sensors) when cells can take stock of the preparations for cell division
Molecular Checkpoints
41
When molecular checkpoints aren't met, cells can __ the process or __ it entirely
arrest the process or abort it entirely
42
If a Molecular checkpoint isn't met, why do cells abort the process??
To prevent making an aneuploid daughter cell (wrong composition of chromosomes), which can lead to uncontrolled cell division and cancer
43
How do cells control when to move forward with the cell cycle and when to arrest?
Cells control the transition between stages VIA the dynamic changes in the stability of stage specific cyclins. This stability depends on the action of kinases (CDKs) that targets specific cyclins for degradation
44
The series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells
The Cell Cycle
45
4 steps in cell division
1-cell growth 2-DNA replication 3-Segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells 4-Cell cleavage
46
In ____, the cell cycle is more complex and consists of 4 discrete phases
Eukaryotes
47
In ____, the cell cycle is more complex and consists of 4 discrete phases
Eukaryotes
48
In ___, cell growth and DNA replication take place throughout most of the cell cycle
Bacteria
49
Stages of Bacteria Cell Cycle
B period, C period, and D period
50
The period that extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication
B period
51
The period required for chromosome replication
C period
52
the time between the completion of chromosome replication and the completion of the cell cycle
D period
53
___ has evolved from an early form of binary fission
Mitosis
54
Bacterial Cell Cycle
Binary Fission
55
Binary fission starts at the ___
Origin of Replication (ORI)
56
Nuclear units of genetic information that are divided and distributed by mitotic cell division
Chromosomes
57
Replicated chromosomes after S phase
Chromatids
58
A complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Chromatin
59
The number of chromosome sets in a cell or species
Ploidy
60
2n
diploid
61
1n
Haploid
62
3 phases of interphase?
G1 S G2
63
The cells carry out their function and grows (phase)
G1
64
cells copy their DNA (phase)
S phase
65
brief gap in the cell cycle when cell growth continues and the cell prepares for mitosis and cytokinesis (phase)
G2 Phase
66
resting phase where the cell in not in the cell cycle (stopped dividing)
G0 phase
67
How long are cells in interphase?
A very long time
68
the equal distribution of daughter chromosomes into each of the two daughter cells that result from cell division
Chromosome segregation
69
the cytoskeletal structure that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.
spindle
70
___ is made of hundreds of proteins and microtubules
Spindle
71
The main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of a cell
Centrosome
72
organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase and positions many of the cytoplasmic organelles
Centrosome
73
The region of a chromosome at which the kinetochore forms and attaches to spindle microtubules during cell division
Centromere
74
are large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters
Kinetochore
75
in cytokinesis, a groove that girdles the cell and gradually deepens until it cuts the cytoplasm into two parts
Cleavage Furrow
76
the new cell wall that forms during cytokinesis
cell plate
77
What stage do chromosomes condense (mitosis)
Prophase
78
What stage do chromosomes double? (mitosis)
Prophase
79
what stage are sister chromatids held together by the centromere and cohesion (Mitosis)
prophase
80
When does the centrosome divide into two parts and move towards opposite sides of the cell (mitosis)
prophase
81
when does the spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm? (mitosis)
Prophase
82
when does the nuclear envelope break down? (mitosis)
prometaphase
83
when do spindles enter the former nuclear area? (mitosis)
Prometaphase
84
when do kinetochores assemble on the centromeres?(mitosis)
prometaphase
85
When do microtubules from opposite spindle poles attach to the kinetochores?(mitosis)
prometaphase
86
when are spindles fully formed? (mitosis)
metaphase
87
when do chromosomes align at spindle midpoint? (mitosis)
Metaphase
88
what is monopolar attachment?
the sister chromatids are being pulled in the same direction
89
What is disjunction?
The chromatids are pulled from the wrong direction
90
what is non-disjunction?
Two chromatids are pulled that cant be paired. (two lefts)
91
What does Taxol do?
its used to treat cancer by to bind to tubulin and prevent spindle polymerization
92
What is Colchicine?
also used to treat cancer. binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule formation
93
the collection of chromosomes that's specific to a species
Karyotype
94
Karyotype
picture of all your chromosomes
95
the stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, which are now called chromosomes (mitosis)
anaphase
96
where the separated chromosomes at each end of the cell gather to form two new nuclei, the nuclear envelope reforms, chromatin decondenses, and the mitotic spindle disassembles
Telophase
97
Cleavage Ring
contractile right of actin that separates animal cells
98
Cell plate
The formation of a new cell wall in plants
99
sexually reproducing organisms to create gametes rpocess
Meiosis
100
Genetic recombination
crossing over
101
the point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material
Chiasmata
102
mixing of genetic material from different strands of DNA
Recombination
103
an event that occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair with their counterparts and remain bound due to the exchange of genetic information
Synapsis
104
a protein and RNA structure that aids in forming the connections during synapsis of homologous chromosomes
Synaptonemal complex
105
when two haploids join to make a diploid called a
zygote
106
Meiosis 1
homologous chromosomes separate
107
Meiosis 2
sister chromosomes separate
108
Mitosis creates genetically ____ daughter
indentical
109
Meiosis created genetically ___ daughter cells
different
Biology 120
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