Veterinary Pharmacology > Small Test 4 > Flashcards

Small Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Eye anatomy - What influenses the aquous humor inlet?

A

Schelm channel - influence aqueous humor inlet

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2
Q

Witch disease gives Grey lense, and why?
From which disease is it formed from?

A

CATERACT - Grey lens due to glycated proteins in lense

Forms from untreated diabetes mellitus (to avoid, manage blood glucose level)

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3
Q

Which disease is this, with huge eye and dilated pupils ?

What is it caused by?

What can it lead to?

A

GLAUCOMA

Huge eye and dilated pupils

Caused by → Overproduction of aqueous humor → elevated intraocular pressure (glaucoma)

→ can lead to irreversible blindness

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4
Q

What is the cause of the grean colout?

Which disease is diagnosed?

Cause of the disease?

A

CORNEAL ULCERS

Fluorescein dye binds to damaged surface of the cornea, (apple green discoloration) and is visualized under UV light

An ulcer caused by trauma, scratching (due to pruritus)

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5
Q

Name of disease?

Type of disease?

A

Panus (superficial keratitis) → autoimmune inflammation of cornea

Small vessels on eye surface

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6
Q

General rules of Eye treatment

Types?

Importaint to remember with ointments?

When and how to use implants?

A
  1. Locally
    1. Eye drops (need repeat 4-8 times a day) and
    2. Ointments (2-3 times a day is enough) or
  2. Systemic

Ointments can provide blurred vision → patient can scratch their eyes (use the collar to avoid scratching)

  1. Injections and implants (placed surgically subconjunctivally in case of equine recurrent uveitis
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7
Q

Infectious eye diseases

A
  1. Feline renal tracheitis
  2. Mycotic conjunctivitis (in stable horses)
  3. Distemper
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8
Q

Treatment of infectious eye diseases

A
  1. Against pathogens
  • antibiotics,
  • antivirals,
  • antimycotics,
  • antiparasitics
  • AB-type, administration route based on the bacteria & the infected area
  • Sufficient in acute cases

(1 week of AB in case of bacterial eye infections)

  • At least 2 week in antiviral
  1. Anti-inflammatory drugs are given in case of
    1. Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis: GCC
      1. to reduce inflammation and pruritus
    2. Viral infections: NO GCC! Because GC is immunosuppressant
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9
Q

When are Anti-inflammatory drugs are given?

A
  1. Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis:
    1. GCC to reduce inflammation and pruritus
  2. Viral infections:
    1. ​NO GCC!
    2. Because GC is immunosuppressant
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10
Q
A

Thelana worms

  • Treated with ivermectin
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11
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

  • Mast cell stabilizers (avoid histamine release)
    • Sodium chromoglycate,
    • Lodoxamide
    • Nedocromil
  • Vasoconstriction
    • Tetryzoline HCl is only useful in case of small bleeding in the conjunctiva

(no effect on allergy, causes dry eye, can make it worse, just makes the eye look better)

  • Antihistamines (with mast cell stabilization)
    • Azelastine,
    • Olopatadine,
    • Epinastine,
    • Emedastine,
    • Antazoline

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12
Q
A

Corneal ulcer (ulcus corneae)

  • Diagnostic tool: Fluorescein stain
    • AB, 3x in case of superficial ulcer
      • → 6x per day in case of deep
  • Use AB for bacterial colonization and avoid the release of proteases
  • Give protease inhibitors
  • In case of superficial NSAID (prohibited in severe cases)
  • In case of painful cyclospasm → avoid the use of atropine (caused cycloplegia, analgesic effect)
  • GCC prohibited!
  • Risk of perforation: ointment Ø!
  • (ointments can be annoying for a patient)
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13
Q
A

Uveitis (inflammation of the eye)

  1. Cause various and autoimmune
    1. ​→ Treat with AB, immunosuppression
  2. Mydriatic (dilated pupil): atropine
    1. Topically, analgesic effect (cycloplegia)
    2. Can inhibit of synechia formation
    3. Quick degradation of atropine in the inflamed eye → need to give 3-6x per day
    4. Not recommended for fundus examination
  3. Anti-inflammatory drugs
    1. Place
    2. Prednisolone (integrity of the cornea!)
    3. anterior-: topical, panuveitis: systemic / subconjunctival
  4. Equine Recurrent Uveitis
    1. ​→ immunosuppression (cyclosporin implant)
    2. Keep animals in a dark room
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14
Q
A

Dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca, KCS)

  • Lack of tear production
  • Schirmer’s test

Cause? (in the proper admin of potentiation SA, viral infection)

  • Immunosuppression is given in case of autoimmune background
    • Cyclosporin,
    • Tacrolimus,
    • Pimecrolimus
    • Topically
    • The onset of action within weeks
    • Increased tear production
  • Artificial tear can be given 8-12x a day
  • AB, topically because of lack of tear function making them more prone to bacterial infection
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15
Q

Pannus

A
  • Immune-mediated: treatment for a lifetime!

Anti-inflammatory drugs (prednisolone, dexamethasone)

Immunosuppression (cyclosporin)

Topically

  • If needed: AB/antivirals, antimycotics; artificial tear
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16
Q

Glaucoma

A

Glaucoma (elevated intraocular pressure)

  • ATROPINE CONTRAINDICATED!
  • Causes
    • pupil dilation,
    • constriction of ciliary channel, and
    • closed shlem channel and
    • no aqueous humor production
  • Mannitol is severe cases
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17
Q

Local anaesthetics of eye surface

A

Local anaesthetics of eye surface

The aim? – foreign body, small surgical procedure

Procaine (not used) , Oxibuprocaine or tetracaine used due to high lipophilic property

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18
Q

Fundus examination

A
  • Done by Parasympatholytics (need dilated pupils)
  • Atropine (days) < Tropicamide/Homatropine is better
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19
Q

Antibiotics

Active substances

A
  1. Penicilins
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Aminoglycocides
  4. Tetracyclines
  5. Phenicols
  6. Polymixin-B
  7. Flouroquinolones
  8. Fusidic acid
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20
Q

Antibiotics

USAGE

A
  1. Bacterial infections
  2. Corneal Ulcer
  3. Pannus, KCS
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21
Q

Antibiotics

Comment

A
  1. Different Spectrum
  2. Different Penetrationon
  3. Topical/Systemic/ Both
  4. Combinations
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22
Q

Antivirals

A
  1. Famciclovir
  2. Ganciclovir
  3. Aciclovir
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23
Q

Antimycotics

A
  1. Polyenes
  2. Azoles
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24
Q

Antiparasitic

A
  1. Ivermectin
  2. Moxidectin
  3. Milbemycin Oxime
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25
Antiinflammatory I: GLUCOCORTICOIDS Active substances
1. HYDROCORTISONE (S) 2. PREDNISOLONE (S) 3. DEXAMETHASONE (L)
26
Antiinflammatory I: GLUCOCORTICOIDS Usage
1. Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis 2. Allergic conjunctivitis 3. Pannus 4. KCS 5. Blepharitis 6. Uveitis
27
Antiinflammatory I: GLUCOCORTICOIDS Comment
1. **Integrety of cornea** 2. Different penetration 3. Topical or systemic 4. **Contraindications: Side effects!**
28
Antiinflammatory II: **NSAID's** Active Substances
1. DICLOFENAC 2. BROMFENAC 3. NAPAFENAC 4. FURBIPROFEN
29
Antiinflammatory II: NSAID's USAGE
1. Less frequently 2. Beginning of corneal ulcers 1. (conjunctivitis, uveitus)
30
Antiinflammatory II: NSAID's Comment
**Side effects**
31
Immunosuppressive agents Active ingredients
**Cyclosporin** **Tacrolimus** **Pimecrolimus**
32
Immunosuppressive agents Usage
**KCS** **Pannus** **ERU**
33
Immunosuppressive agents Comments
**Topically** **Cyclosporin**: Tear production increases **Tacrolimus**: Stronger immunosupression
34
Protease inhibitors Active substances
**EDTA** **N-acetyl choline** **Tetracycline** **Serum**
35
Protease inhibitors Usage
**Corneal Ulcers**
36
**Parasympathomimetics** Active substances
**PILOCARPINE**
37
**Sympathomimetics** **Pilocarpine** Usage
**Glaucoma**
38
**Parasympatholytics** **Active substances**
**Atropine** **Tropicamide** **Homicamide**
39
**Parasympatholytics** Usage
**Uveitis (A)** **Corneal Uveitis (A)** **Fundus examination (H, T)**
40
**Parasympatholytics** Comments
**Different duration**
41
**Sympatholytics** Active substances
**Timolol** **Betaxolol**
42
**Sympatholytics** Usage
**Glaucoma**
43
**Sympatholytics** Comment
**More effective than Pilocarpine** **Combinations**
44
**Carbonic anhydrase** Active substance
**Dorzolamide** **Brinzolamide**
45
**Carbonic anhydrase** Usage
**Glaucoma**
46
**Prostaglandin anhydrase** Active ingredients
**Latanoprost** **Travoprost**
47
**Prostaglandin anhydrase** Usage
**Glaucome**
48
**Antihistamines** **Active substances**
**Azelatine** **Olopatadine** **Epinastine** **Emedastine** **Antazoline**
49
Mast cell stabilizers ## Footnote **Active ingredients**
**SODIUM CHROMOGLYCATE** **Lodoxamide** **Nedocromil**
50
Mast cell stabilizers Usage
**Allergic Conjunctivitis**
51
**Alpha agonists** Active ingredients
**TETRYZOLINE HCL**
52
**Alpha agonists** Usage
**Allergic conjunctivitis**
53
Local anaestetics Active ingredients
**Oxibuprocain** **Bupivacain** **Tetracain**
54
Local anaestetics ## Footnote **usage**
**Artificial tear (KCS)**
55
Drug administration ## Footnote **HORSE**
1. **Medicated feed**: oral, non-fixed, mild substance (vitamins, minerals…) 1. **Nasogastric tube:** oral, with fixation, enters stomach directly (neophobic animal, does not like a new taste) 1. **Gel/Paste:** oral, fixed, flavored preparations, with dosing syringe (sedative, antiparasitic agent, anti-inflammatory ..) 1. **IV injection:** **Only solution, microemulsion, microsuspension can go IV** to v. jugularis. **preferred** if possible because IM abscess easily formed in case of horse, **plus tissue irritant** 1. **IM injection:** **Solution, suspension, emulsion** may be given **IM** , but **tissue** **irritation** so if **possible IV.** **IM → abscess formation** 1. **common, location:** * **neck**: **cervical** **spine** and * **shoulder** **triangle**, * **gluteal muscles**, * **gracilis**, * **semitendinosus**, * **pectoral muscles** 1. **Intrauterine tablet** - rarely used, horses don't like it
56
Drug administration ## Footnote **RUMINANTS**
1. **Oral** (feed, water,drench) 1. **Feed** - individual and herd treatment, **internal non fixed** 2. **Water** - active substance must be water-soluble , **internal non fixed** 3. **Drench** - **internally with fixation**, liquid oral dosage form, wide range active ingredient, but **AB should not be over 8 weeks of age** 2. **Intraruminal bolus: internal, fixed**, long-release system, (**dewormers**) 3. **Pour on: external and fixed**, can **solution**, **suspension**, **emulsion** (mainly external antiparasitic agent) 4. **Intrauterin tablet** (**AB** mainly) 5. **Intravaginal drug** - **fixed**, sponge, or impregnated solid device 1. **Progesterone drugs** for **syncing of oestrus** 6. **Intramammary infusion** **fixed**, **sterile solution, emulsion, suspension**, soft form for lactating and dry cows (AB or bismuth salts) 7. **IV injection with fixation,** v. jugular usually, **tissue irritating,** (emulsion suspension not to be used) 8. **IM injection** Ru less prone to abscesses, inject in neck or buttocks, buttocks due to better blood supply to grazing animal**s the most painful route of administration is IM** 9. **SC injection injection internally, with fixation**, solution, emulsion, suspension can use **skin fold in the neck** or a **fold in the skin behind the ear**
57
Drug administration SWINE
1. **Oral** (**feed,water, drench**) – **same as ruminants** 2. **IM injection** 1. **neck**, **buttocks** or **thigh muscle**s 2. (but in older these are valuable meat areas) 3. **Young animals** the **hindquarters** are also acceptable 1. Active substance young **Iron** and **AB**, **NSAID**, a**ntiparasitic agent** 3. **SC injection** - **with fixation**, **skin fold behind ear** 4. **Spray** - **external, not fixed**, usually an **external antiparasitic agent** or a **topical AB** 5. **Nasal drop** 1. **Oral solutions for piglets,** if 1-2 ml can be administered through the nostril, will be ingested by the pharynx.
58
**Drug administration** **POULTRY**
1. In **feed** for herd treatment 2. In **drinking water** is preferred 3. **Tube** 1. **internal**, **with fixation**, used in more **valuable breeding stock** or **under experimental conditions**, because it provides **accurate and safe dosing** 4. **Spraying** 1. **an external, unfixed, antiparasitic agent** 5. **IM injection** 1. Rarely used, 2. More valuable in breeding stock, 3. Given in pectoral muscles 6. **SC injection** into the **loose skin of the neck** 7. **Fumigation/Vapours** - , **internal**, **fixed** (closed barn), **preventing disease**, **decontamination**
59
Drug administration **DOG & CAT**
1. Individual treatment * **External** * **Internal** * **Enteral** * **PO: Flavoured drug dose forms** * **Parenteral** * **Inhalation**
60
Drug administration EXOTICS
**Exotics** * **Birds** Individual External – Internal Enteral – Parenteral – Inhalation Prone Stress sensitivity! And Injuries! * **Reptiles, amphibians** Individual Poikilothermic animals Renal portal system * **Fishes** Group medication or Individual Water or Feed * **Rodents & hamsters** → intraosseal administration
61
Drug administration ## Footnote **Honey Bee**
**Honey Bee** * **Group medication** 1. **External** Spraying Evaporating Smoking 1. **Internal** Enteral → Sugar pie, sugar syrup Fumigation, fogger
62
**Drug administration to farm animals on a large scale** **External examination** With fixation
Dipping Pour on Impregnated ear-tag
63
Drug administration to farm animals on a large scale External examination Without fixation
**Dustbag, dusting gate** **Footbath** **Spraying**
64
Drug administration to farm animals on a large scale ## Footnote **Internal examination** **With fixation**
**Drench** **"Mass vaccination"** **Fumigation, Vapours (Fogger)**
65
Video Eye dilation
ATROPINE
66
Video Pupil constriction
PILOCARPINE+TIMOLOL combination
67
Video Local anaestetic - Eye with some reaction
PROCAINE
68
Video Local anaestetic - Eye with no reaction
OXIBUPROCAIN
69
Video Anaestethic Dose?
m= bwt d= dose c= concentation V=m\*d/c 1,7kg 5mg/kg 20mg/ml = 1,7\*5/20=0,43 ml = XYLAZINE
70
Video Anaestethic Drugs
1. Xylazine (alone) IM 2. Xylazine+Ketamin IM 3. Propofol IV
71
Video Anaestethic Xylazine+Ketamin combination
1. Total muscle relaxation 2. Total unconciousness 3. Analgesia
72
Video Anaestethic Xylazine+Ketamin combination
NOT total unconciousness But muscle relaxation Feels pain - MILD analgesia, not enough for surgery
73
Video Anaestethic Propofol
IV Lateral vein ear Total muscle relaxation Total unconciousness Analgesic effect Pre/Post excitation Duration declines early = SAFE ANAESTASIA
Veterinary Pharmacology
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