Somatic Dysfunction

Question 1

Osteopathic Tenets

Answer 1

• the body is a unit
• the body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms
• structure and function are reciprocally interrelated
• rational therapy is based upon an understanding of body unity, self-regulatory mechanisms, and the interrelationship of structure and function

Question 2

Somatic Dysfunction

Answer 2

defined as the impaired or altered function of related components of the somatic (bodywork) system including: the skeletal, arthrodial, and myofascial structures, and their related vascular, lymphatic and neural elements

Question 3

TART

Answer 3

• Tissue texture abnormalities
• Asymmetry of landmarks
• Restriction of motion
• Tenderness

Question 4

Acute Somatic Dysfunction

Answer 4

• impaired or altered function of related components of the body framework system that is characterized by one or more of the following: pain, erythema, relative warmth, increased moisture/bogginess, vasodilation, edema, tenderness, tissue contraction

Question 5

Chronic Somatic Dysfunction

Answer 5

• impairment or altered function of long-standing duration of related components of the body framework system characterized by one or more of the following: itching, paresthesia, palpable sense of tissue dryness, coolness, tissue contracture, fibrosis tenderness, pallor

Question 6

Contraction

Answer 6

the process of which a muscle becomes or is made shorter and lighter

Question 7

Contracture

Answer 7

an abnormal, sometimes permanent, contraction of a muscle

Question 8

Words to Describe Acute Tissue Texture Abnormalities

Answer 8

• erythematous
• hot/increased warmth
• bogginess
• edema (swelling)
• spasm
• tissue contraction

Question 9

Words to Describe Chronic Tissue Texture Abnormalities

Answer 9

• pale/blanching
• cool
• ropey
• stringy
• scar
• doughy

Question 10

Sensitization

Answer 10

• progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus
• if the stimulus is terminated, neurons return to baseline
• Ex. rub arm for a prolonged period

Question 11

Habituation

Answer 11

• decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to the stimulus over time
• allows us to “tune out”
• if the stimulus is terminated, neurons return to baseline

Question 12

Facilitation

Answer 12

• maintenance of a pool of neurons in a state of subthreshold excitation
• less afferent stimulation is required to trigger the discharge of impulses

Question 13

OMT

Answer 13

the therapeutic application of manually guided forces by an osteopathic physician to improve physiologic function and/or support homeostasis that has been altered by somatic dysfunction

Question 14

OMT Contraindications

Answer 14

• no somatic dysfunction
• patient does not consent
• inappropriate clinical situation
• anatomic or physiologic considerations

Question 15

What are the 5 Osteopathic Models?

Answer 15

(1) Biomechanical
(2) Neurologic
(3) Respiratory/Circulatory
(4) Metabolic/Energetic/Immune
(5) Behavioral (Biopsychosocial)

Question 16

Systems of the Biomechanical Osteopathic Model

Answer 16

• musculoskeletal system (muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, fascia)
• integumentary (skin)
• body and its response to gravity

Question 17

Systems of the Neurologic Osteopathic Model

Answer 17

Nervous system – brain, spinal cord, autonomic, parasympathetic (cranial nerves, sacral nerves), sympathetic (T1-L2)

Question 18

Systems of the Respiratory/Circulatory Osteopathic Model

Answer 18

• cardiovascular (includes lymphatic system)
• respiratory
• nose, throat
• genitourinary

Question 19

Systems of the Metabolic/Energetic/Immune Osteopathic Model

Answer 19

• gastrointestinal
• lymph organs (spleen, liver, thymus, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes)
• endocrine (hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal axis)

Question 20

Systems of the Behavioral Osteopathic Model

Answer 20

psychological — behaviors that influence health and health decisions

Question 21

Biomechanical
(1) Health
(2) Disease
(3) Patient Care

Answer 21

(1) Health: efficient and effective posture and motion throughout the MSK system
(2) Disease: somatic dysfunction, inefficient posture, joint motion restrictions or hypermobility, instability
(3) Patient Care: alleviate SD utilizing osteopathic palpatory dx and OMT to restore normal motion and function throughout the body

Question 22

Neurological
(1) Health
(2) Disease
(3) Patient Care

Answer 22

(1) Health: efficient and effective sensory processing, neural integration and control, autonomic balance, central and peripheral nervous functions
(2) Disease: abnormal sensation, imbalance of autonomic functions, central and peripheral sensitization/malfunction, pain syndromes
(3) Patient Care: restore normal sensation, neurological processes and control, alleviate pain

Question 23

Respiratory-Circulatory
(1) Health
(2) Disease
(3) Patient Care

Answer 23

(1) Health: efficient and effective arterial supply, venous and lymphatic drainage to and from all cells, effective respiration
(2) Disease: vascular compromise, edema, tissue congestion, poor gas exchange
(3) Patient Care: remove mechanical impediments to respiration and circulation and relieve congestion and edema by improving venous and lymphatic drainage

Question 24

Metabolic/Energetic/Immune
(1) Health
(2) Disease
(3) Patient Care

Answer 24

(1) Health: efficient and effective cellular metabolic processes, energy expenditure and exchange, endocrine and immune regulation and control
(2) Disease: energy loss, fatigue, ineffective metabolic processes, toxic waste buildup, inflammation, infection, poor wound healing, poor nutrition, adverse response to medication, loss of endocrine control of vital functions
(3) Patient Care: restore efficient metabolic processes and bioenergetics, alleviate inflammation, infection, restore healing and repair functions and endocrine control