What are antibodies
Y shaper glycoproteins called immunoglobulin that bind to a specific antigen on a pathogen which then triggers a response
What is it called when an antigen and an antibody join
And antibody-antigen complex
Describe parts of the structure of an antibody
Disulfide bridges to keep it together
Hinges to make it flexible
Variable sit which makes the antibody specific
Constant site which stays the same for all antibodies
How do antibodies defend our body
The antibody of the antigen-antibody complex acts as a oposin that tags a pathogen making it easier to find and engulf
After this happens most pathogens can’t do anything
Antibodies act as aggulations which means they clump up the pathogen cells that have the antigen antibody complex making it easier for phagocytes to engulf and digest and for the pathogens not to spread
Antibodies act as anti-toxins which neutralise toxins produced by pathogen
Where do b lymphocytes come from
Bone marrow
Where to T lymphocytes come from
Thymus gland
What are interlukins
A type of cytokines that stimulates the activity of b cell antibody production & attract T cells to attack pathogens
What do t helper cells do
Attach to the antigen presenting cell and release interlukins which stimulate b cells to increase the production of antibodies and T cells to attach pathogens
Jobs of t killer cells
Attack pathogen carrying antigen by releasing preforin which is an enzyme that creates a hole on the membrane of the cell not allowing it to further reproduce
Job of t memory cell
When coming across an antigen for a second time they divide and clone into t killer cells to attack the antigen quicker
Job of t regulator
Make sure immune response is all okay and for you not to attack self antigens and cause an autoimmune response
What do plasma cells do
produce the antibodies for the antigens and release
What does b effector cells do
Create plasma cells clones
what do B memory cells do
Remember antigen so body can create a quicker response next time
Describe cell mediated response
- macrophage digest pathogen in phagocytosis then antigen goes to the surface to create an antigen presenting cell
- Receptors on T cells fit the antigen so release interlukins which stimulate T cells which carry specific antigens for that pathogen
- the T cells can
- become memory cells
- produce interlukins to stimulate phagocytosis or for b cells to divide
-stimulate development of killer cells
Stages of humoral response.
- T helper cells bind to the bcell antigen presenting cell, this is colonial selection (the point where the b cells with the right antibody is chosen)
- Interlukins produced by the t helper cells activate b cells
- B cells divide to create plasma cells and b memory cells (colonial expansion)
- Plasma cells produce antibodies for specific antigens to disable them or act as aggulations or oposins (primary immune response) takes a couple days the happen
- The b cells that go to b memory cells will divide quickly to form plasma cell clones quickly wiping the pathogen (secondary immune response)
Definition of autoimmune disease
When ur immune system stop recognising self cells and attack healthy body tissue
What can u use to get rid of the autoimmune disease
Immunosuppressant drugs
3 types of autoimmune diseases and what is affected and the treatment
Type 1 diabetes- insulin secreting pancreas cells/ insulin injections,pancreas transplant,immunosuppressant drugs
Arthritis- joints/no cure,steroids,pain relief,anti inflammatory, immunosuppressants
Lupus- skin,joints,organs/no cure,steroid,immunosuppressants,anti inflammatory
