SPOPS TEST 1 Flashcards by Benjamin Dyer

How often does menstruation occur?

Every 28 days

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What is menarche ?

Initial onset of menstruation during puberty

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What is the ovum releasing following the breaking of follicle, usually occurring 14 days from beginning of cycle, called?

Ovulation

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What the is cessation of ovarian function and menstrual activity called? When does it occur?

Menopause and average is late 40s

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What do the pituitary release ?

Lutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

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What hormone does the ovaries release?

Estrogen and progesterone

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What is the phase of menstrual cycle that:
-increases endometrial thickness
-stimulated by estrogen increase
-anterior pituitary hormones released
-initiates ovarian cycle
-maintained by increase in estrogen production

Proliferative phase

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What is the phase of menstrual cycle that:
-follows ovulation
-influenced by estrogen and progesterone
-prepares the endometrium for gestation
-gestation (period from fertilization until birth)

Secretory phase

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What is the phase in the menstrual cycle that:
-occurs when the ovum is not fertilized
-discharge lasts on average 4-6 days
- flow average 25-60mL
-absent during pregnancy

menstrual phase

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What section of the fallopian tube does sperm usually find ovum?
1/3
2/3
Or
3/3

1/3

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What does the union of a sperm and ovum create?

Zygote

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What does a zygote do in the 72hours from creation ?

-divides numerous times and forms blastocyst as it travels into the uterus

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What do blastocyst divide into?

Developmental areas and gives rise to:
Fetal structures
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Amniotic sac

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What stage does the heart begin to beat (4 weeks) and the body systems/ external structures are formed (8 weeks) ?

Embryonic stage

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What stage is urine produced (12 weeks), mother can feel movement (20 weeks), fetus fills uterine cavity (38 weeks)?

Fetal stage

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What structures are in fetal circulation?

-placenta
-umbilical vein
-ductus venous
-foramen ovale
-ductus arteriosum
- umbilical arteries

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What are early indications of gestation ?

-cessation of menstruation
-hormones changes, nausea
-breast enlargement
-increased urinary frequency

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What respiratory changes will you see in pregnancy?

-decreased airway resistance
-increase in oxygen consumption
-increase in tidal volume

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What cardiovascular changes will you see in pregnancy ?

-increased HR and cardiac output
-BP usually normal
-increased circulating blood volume by 45%
-increased red blood cells by 20%

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What GI changes occur during pregnancy?

Slowing of peristolsis

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What urinary system changes occur during pregnancy?

Renal filtration increases

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What is dysmenorrhea?

Painful menstruation
-aggravated by walking

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What is dyspareunia ?

Pain during intercourse

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What is Gravida ?

Number of pregnancies

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What is Para?

Number of pregnancies terminated after after twenty weeks

What is Ab

Number of pregnancies lost prior to twenty weeks

What affects 1 million women annually and is caused by: -infection -gonorrhea -C trachomatis - chlamydia -staphylococci -streptococci

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

What are the complications of PID?

Sepsis, infertility

What is this based on the specific assessment findings? -lower abdominal pain, guarding -fever -vaginal discharge -dyspareunia -shuffling walk -acute onset one week of menstrual period -ill appearance

PID

What is this based on S/S? -typically spontaneous -may be associated with mild abdominal injury, intercourse, or exercise -thin walled fluid sac -significant bleeding (rare) -sudden onset of severe lower abdominal pain -affects one side, may radiate to back -some vaginal bleeding

Ruptured ovarian cyst

An infection (usually bacterial) of the bladder/ uterus that if left untreated may lead to pyelonephritis. Specific assessment findings are: -suprapubic tenderness -frequency of urination -dysuria -blood in urine

Cystitis

What is mittelschmertz?

Pain occurring any time during ovulation, possibly related to to peritoneal irritation secondary to follicular leaker/ bleeding during ovulation

What is this based off of specific assessment finding ? -unilateral lower quadrant abdominal pain -low grade fever -symptoms similar to ruptured ovarian cyst

Mittelschmertz

Infection, resulting in the inflammation of the endometrial lining often after childbirth or abortion? Uterus and fallopian tubes are affected

Endometritis

What is this based off of specific assessment findings? -lower abdominal pain -purulent vaginal discharge -typically after childbirth or abortion

Endometritis

Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus Most common in women who defer pregnancy. Average women in her late 30s, can strike extremely early Organs affected are: -fall pain tubes -pelvic organs -bowel -bladder -ligaments Complications: -painful intercourse -painful menstruation -painful bowel movements

Endometriosis

What is this based off of specific assessment finding? -severe pain during and immediately following intercourse and bowel movement

Endometriosis

What is menorrhagia ?

Heavy vaginal bleeding

When is vaginal bleeding always to be considered an emergency?

Third trimester

What should you do with a sexual assault victim regarding preservation of the crime scene ?

-handle clothing as little as possible -paper bag each item separately - ask the pt not to change clothes, bathe, or douche -do not clean wounds unless absolutely necessary -do not allow pts to drink or brush their teeth

What is the EDC?

First day of LMP, minus 3 months, plus seven days

Where will the fundal height be at 20 weeks?

Around the navel

What is this based on signs and symptoms ? -cramping, abdominal pain, backache, vaginal bleeding -fetus and placenta may be visible during vaginal discharge

Spontaneous abortion

Complete expulsion of all uterine contents

Complete abortion

Partial expulsion of uterine contents

Partial abortion

Vaginal bleeding, slight cervical dilation, viable fetus remaining in uterus

Threatened abortion

Vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal cramping and cervical dilation, non-viable fetus remaining in uterus

Inevitable abortion

Termination of pregnancy at the request of the mother

Elective abortion

Termination of pregnancy deemed necessary by a physician

Therapeutic abortion

Fetal death, prior to twenty weeks, but the fetus remains in the uterus

Missed abortion

Intentional termination of pregnancy under any conditions not allowed by law

Criminal abortion

Implantation outside the expected site, fallopian tubes is most common. -significant cause of abd pain in women

Ectopic pregnancy

Presents as painless bleeding in third trimester, life threatening to fetus -placenta attaches to low or covering the cervix

Placenta previa

Painful third trimester bleeding, associated with shock Extremely life threatening to both mother and fetus Placenta separates from the uterine wall before the fetus has been delivered

Abruptio placenta

Pregnancy induced HTN -HTN -edema -protein urea Also results in nervous system changes (Syncope, headaches, photosensitivity, vision problems, nausea, vomiting) Indicates potential for seizures from CNS stimuli

Pre-eclampsia

Toxemia of pregnancy Seizures

Eclampsia

Management of eclampsia

Prevent seizures first by careful handling, slow and careful transport -magnesium sulfate, 2-4 G IV over 5-10 minutes -benzodiazepines for active seizures

Associated with pre-eclampsia -progressive nausea and vomiting -upper abdominal pain -headache Only treatment is delivery of the infant -permanent liver damage may occur if delivery is delayed

HELLP syndrome Hemolytic anemia, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet count

Caused by fetus lying on mother inferior vena cava, resulting in a decreased venous return and low blood pressure. Treated by placing pt in the left lateral recumbent position or elevate right hip

Supine hypotensive syndrome

Increased blood sugar levels in otherwise non-diabetic mother -increases risk of delivering large baby

Gestational diabetes

False labor that increases in intensity and frequency but does not cause cervical changes

Braxton hicks contractions

Labor stage from first contraction to full cervical dilation

Stage one

Stage of labor in which the baby is delivered

Stage two

Stage of labor in which the placenta is delivered

Stage 3

Umbilical cord wrapped around the baby’s neck

Nuchal cord

Nuchal cord management

-have mother stop pushing -carefully lift cord and remove from baby’s neck -continue with normal delivery

When should an APGAR score be taken?

1 min and 5 min from birth - if below 7, then repeat q5min x 20 minutes

APGAR

Appearance Pulse rate Grimace Activity Respiratory effort

Buttocks of both feet presenting first in a delivery

Breech

Umbilical cord presenting first and only during delivery

Prolapsed cord

Management for prolapsed cord

Assess for pulse in cord Place mother in lateral trendelenburg or elevate hips Place fingers into vagina to take pressure off cord

Management of limb presentation during delivery

Considered undeliverable and must be transported to facility with OB surgery

What is cephalopelvic disproportion

When the infants head is too big to pass through the pelvis easily

Shoulder dystocia

Infants shoulders are larger than its head, if baby does not deliver, transport to the pt immediately

Fetus passes feces into amniotic fluid -suction hypopharynx and trachea using an endotracheal tube until all meconium has been cleared from airway

Meconium staining

Postpartum hemorrhage and medication for control

More than 500ccs of blood following delivery Oxytocin, 10-20 units in 1000mL NS run at 10-20 gtts/ min- titrate to effect

An infant from the time of birth to one month of age

Neonate

A baby in the first few hours of its life, also known as a newly born infant

Newborn

Following birth, what do the lungs do in the newborn

They expand as they fill with air. Fetal lung fluid gradually leaves alveoli There are decreased pulmonary fluids, and increase in PaO2. Pulmonary pressure decreases and allows the arteries to open and promote blood flow

What does decreased pressure and increased PaO2 allow for in newborns ?

Allows blood to pass by ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale

Normal respirations for a newborn

40-60 bpm

Normal HR for a newborn

150-180 HR

Normal BP for a newborn ?

60-90 systolic

Normal temp for a newborn ?

98-100 F

Distance from navel to cut umbilical cord?

10cm and second cut is 5cm up from first cut

What does HR under 100 indicate in a newborn ?

Assisted ventilations

What does HR less than 60 indicate in newborn ?

Chest compressions

SPOPS TEST 1 Flashcards

(87 cards)