General Systems
Max gross weight: 2550
- Primary : Frise type Ailerons, Differential Ailerons
- Secondary : Single-Slot type wing flaps, electronically actuated (0,10,20 and 30 degrees)
- Trim : Manual elevator trim wheel & Located on left yoke
Powerplant
- Textron Lycoming IO-360-L2A (I - Fuel Injected, O - horizontally opposed, 360 - Cubic Inch displacement)
- 4 Cylinder
- Direct drive
- Air cooled
- Normally aspirated
- Wet sump lubrication system
- 180 BHP at 2700RPM
- Dual Magnetos
- Mixture - Controls the fuel/air ratio
Propeller
- McCauley
- Fixed Pitch
- 76 inches in Diameter
- 2 aluminum alloy blades
Landing Gear
- Tricycle
- Steerable nose wheel
- Air/Oil nose gear shock strut
- Hydraulically actuated disc type brakes on each main wheel
Fuel System
- Gravity fed
- Fuel Injected
- 2 Fuel pumps (One Engine driven, and One Auxiliary)
- Total Fuel: 56 gal
- Usable Fuel: 53 gal
- Two fuel tanks
Oil System
- Wet sump
- Capacity: 5-8 quarts
- Aeroshell W100
Deicing and Anti-Icing
- Pitot Heat
- Windscreen Defroster
- Raised Static Port
- Alternate Static
- Alternate Air
- Indication of Intake Icing: Engine roughness/ RPM loss
Electrical System
- DC 28-volt electrical system
- 150 Amps
- 24-volt main battery
- 1 Standby Battery (24V 30min to essential bus)
G1000 PFD & MFD (Avionics)
- AHRS uses: Rate Sensors, Inclinometer, Accelerometer
- Magnetometer is in the left wing
- ADC : Pitot-Static system
- AHRS : Gyroscopic Instruments
- Mode S Transponder (Mode A, C, S functions)
- Autopilot(GFC-700 2axis w/ auto pitch trim)
- 2x Garmin GPS
Blocked Pitot Tube
- ASI: Zero
- ALT: Works
- VSI: Works
Blocked Pitot tube and Drain hole, Open Static Port
- ASI: High in climb, low in descent
- ALT: works
- VSI: works
Blocked Static Port, Open Pitot tube
- ASI: Low in Climb, High in Descent
- ALT: Frozen
- VSI: Frozen
Using Alternate cockpit static air
- ASI: reads high
- ALT: reads high
- VSI: momentarily shows a climb
Broken VSI glass
- ASI: Reads high
- ALT: Reads high
- VSI: Reverses
GPS
Global Positioning System
- 24 Satellites in Constellation
- 3 Satellites required to provide lateral information
- 4 Satellites required to provide altitude information
RAIM
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
- 5 Satellites required to ensure reliable info is being received
- With bad satellite info, RAIM will annunciate integrity has been compromised and take that satellite offline
WAAS
Wide Area Augmentation System
- 1) Signals from satellites are monitored by ground based stations
- 2)Ground stations correct signals for: Clock errors, Position errors
- 3) Ground stations send corrected data to master station
- 4) Master station prepares a correction message
- 5) New message is sent to a geostationary satellite (GEO)
- 6) GEO broadcasts to WAAS receiver on aircraft
DME
Distance Measuring Equipment
- Uses slant range (line of sight) to determine distance
- Most Inaccurate when directly over VOR/DME (Negligible for every 1 mile away and 1000ft high)
Compass Errors
VDMONA
- Variation: Difference between true and magnetic north (isogonic lines)
- Deviation: Electronic Equipment interferes with compass
- Magnetic Dip: as compass approaches magnetic poles, it wants to dip towards ground
- Oscillation: Mixture of all other errors
- Northerly Turning Errors (UNOS): Compass is a magnet and wants to stay attracted to magnetic poles (Result of Magnetic Dip) (1/2 latitude + 15 degrees)
- Acceleration Errors (ANDS): (Accelerate North, Decelerate South) Compass is a magnet and wants to stay attracted to magnetic poles (Result of Magnetic Dip) (ONLY EAST AND WEST HEADINGS)
Instrument Landing System (ILS)
Precisions vs non-Precision
- Precision Instrument Approach: Lateral and Vertical Guidance
- Non-Precision Instrument Approach: Only Lateral Guidance
ILS Components
- Localizer
- Glideslope
- Marker Beacon
- Approach Lighting System
Localizer
- Provides lateral guidance
- Width 5 degrees
- Full deflection to one side is only 2.5 degrees
Glideslope
- Provides Vertical Guidance
- Angle between 2.5 and 3.5 degrees
Marker Beacons
- Avionics signal different colors/audible morse code when passing over
- Outer: Flashing Blue, Code: (- - - -), usually 4-7nm from runway threshold
- Middle: Flashing Amber, Code: (- . - .), 3500ft away from runway threshold
- Inner: Flashing white light, Code: (. . . .), short and high pitched
