Take Off Minimums
Part 91: None
Standard Takeoff Minimums: Prescribed takeoff minimums for that runway, If none : 2 or fewer engine - 1sm, 3 or more - 1/2sm
Nonstandard Takeoff Minimums: Reference TPP
Operations Below DA/DH
- Airplane is continuous position to land at normal descent rate using normal maneuvers
- Flight visibility is not less than prescribed for the approach
- May descend to 100’ above TDZE if approach lights and red terminating bars in sight
- At least one of the following in sight: Threshold, Threshold markings, Threshold lights - Runway end indicator lights (REILs) - Visual glideslope indicator - Touchdown zone, Touchdown markings, Touchdown lights - Runway, Runway Markings, Runway lights
Alternates always required unless
- If an instrument approach is published and available for the destination, AND
- for at least one hour before and after ETA: 2000ft ceiling, and 3sm Visibility (1,1,2,3)
Alternate Minimum Criteria
Standard:
- Precision Approach: 600ft Ceiling, 2sm visibility
- Non-Precision Approach: 800ft ceiling, 2sm visibility
- No instrument approach: Ceiling and vis, must allow descent from MEA, approach and landing under VFR
Nonstandard: Reference TPP
Non-WAAS GPS: Can fly GPS approach at either destination or alternate airport, but NOT both
Precision Approach
- Provides Lateral and Vertical Guidance
- Minimums: DA(MSL), DH(AGL)
Non-Precision Approach
- Provides Lateral Guidance Only
- Minimums: MDA(MSL), MDH(AGL)
Approach Equipment
- ILS/Localizer: Uses ground based equipment
- RNAV(GPS): Uses Satellite GPS (WAAS/RAIM)
- Non-Directional Beacon(NDB)
Circling Minimums
Standard:
- Prior to 2012, used set radius distance set by approach category, regardless of MDA
- After 2012, now factors in MDA because of increased true airspeed at different altitudes
Expanded: Marked by Photonegative C
When to go Missed
- Precision: The DA/DH
- Non-Precision: runway threshold, or other specified point(usually labeled as a point with DME)
- If plate has both precision and non-precision approaches, profile view will always default to precision approach profile (all of the information is there for the non-precision, you will need to know how to interpret/visualize how its different)
Approach Categories
Tells you what minimums to used based:
- Stated by AFM/POH, or 1.3 X VS0
- A: 0-90
- B: 91-120
- C: 121-140
- D: 141-165
- E: >165
Types of Procedure Turns
- Course Reversal
- Descent from IAF
- Inbound course interception
Procedure turns Mandatory when
- Depicted on approach chart
Procedure turn not permitted when
SHARPTT
- Straight in Approach
- Hold in leu
- DME Arc
- Radar Vectors to Final
- noPT
- Timed Approach
- Teardrop Course Reversal
MSA
Minimum Safe Altitude
- Emergency altitude used in case of lost situational awareness
- Provides obstacle/terrain avoidance
TAA
Terminal Arrival Area
- Provides altitude and distance information for a given area
- RNAV approaches only
Runway Declared Distance
- Photonegative D
- Found in Chart Supplement
TDZE
Touchdown Zone Elevation
- Highest elevation (MSL) in first 3000’ of runway
Pilot Controlled Lighting
- Negative Symbology (Ex: A5, A4)
- Black dot above A5 means sequenced flashing lights
Runway Visual Range
- Visibility expressed in Feet
VDP
Visual Descent Point
- a defined point from which a descent using normal descent rate and normal maneuvers can be made from the MDA to touchdown point provided visual reference is established
Types of Holds
- Radial (1 Minute Legs)
- GPS (4nm Legs)
Holding Speeds
- 6000’ or less = 200kts
- 6000’ to 14000’ = 230kts
- greater than 14000’ = 265kts
EFC
Expect further clearance time
- Time at which additional instructions should be provided
