METACOG THEORY WHAT
Situation –> worry + anxiety –> positive beliefs about worry (i.e. it’ll help me cope)(may reduce arousal
THEN begin to worry about worry and worry that its becoming uncontrollable (GAD) –> coping mechanisms (suppression) –> ineffective + makes worse
cognitive avoidance model WHAT
worry creates & prolongs a negative emotional state to prevent sharp increase in negative emotions
–> internal negative experiences avoided in GAD
**Worry is a Means to sustain physiological arousal **
learned helplessness & MDD
- Lack of control is the basis; dont try and help self bc they feel it will fail
NOW REFERED TO AS:
—-“Attribution helplessness theory”—–
attributing their present lack of control to intertal attributes ie “im inadequate at everything” = helpless to outcomes
SOME HAVE SAID THAT THEY ONLY CUASE DEPRESSION WHEN THEY CAUSE HOPELESSNESS IN A PERSON
DID and comorbidity
DID can be confused with a number of other mental disorders, including other dissociative
disorders, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder and temporal lobe epilepsy (Osei,
2004). —> not completely formed as a diagnosis but it does extist as a syndrome
diathesis stress model SZ what + evidence
genes + environment
a) genes + stress –> high cortisol = inflam = psychosis
b) genes + discrimination/lowSES = SZ
c) genes + family dysfunction = SZ
drug maintenance and replacement
- “wouldnt tell a depressed person to just be happy”
- Portugal decriminalized all drugs in response to their drug crisis = more seeking help. WHY? Less fear of talking about criminal activity/embarrassment
- Replacement/maintenance = less deaths + less suffering
- Arresting people = more drug use
Marijunana + AN
stop anxiety related thoughts; help slow down thoughts + reason with them
- increases feelings of hunger that are normally oppressed by the anxiety too
OCD + DBT
no one looked @ ER- starts w anxiety// some suggest that OCD symptoms were related to a poor understanding of, and negative reactivity to, emotions. = emotion regulate DT - obsessions & compulsions SS - less alone mindfulness- live in now NOT what if
what are the 6 main PDs retained in the new hybrid model? i.e. that can be derived from it
- Antisocial PD
- Avoidant PD
- Borderline PD
- Narcissistic PD
- Schizotypal PD
- Obsessive compulsive PD
* *SO if criteria for ^ aren’t met: Personality disorder trait specified
does medication provide comprehensive treatment for those with a Dx of a mental illness?
NO:
- SZ only masks the symptoms; avatar tx actually reduces them (like exposure tx = fear and anxiety reduce the dangerousness of the hallucinations)
BUT shows promise elsewhere
- Ketamine tx for depression BUT also for preventing it. Give to those who may be at risk of it? i.e. ED?
advantages + limitations of using DSM-5 as a Dx tool?
ADVANTAGES
1) if person needs sectioning
2) closure
3) Tx availability (gender dysphoria)
4) 5>4 cos tries the dimesional approach
DISADVANTAGES
1) Stigma (E.G transvestic disorder)
2) self fulfilling prophecy
3) Dx where it’s undue
4) DISREGARD FOR A LOT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DSM 5
a. SSD
b. psychosis
Dx on social relationships
BPD = overwhelming but might explain the alexythmia & not empathising w them
SZ = relief BUT care giver burnout if no family tx
SSD = cultural diffs. Disregard vs acceptance
Overarching PD Models
- . Psychosocial adversity
- . Cognitive Model of PDs (e.g., Beck et al., 1990):
- – Rigid cognitive schema develop over time
- – Schemas linked to security, autonomy, desirability, self-expression, gratification and self control
psychosocial adversity & PD?
People with a diagnosis of personality disorder are more likely to experience or have experienced:
- Family Breakdown, dysfunctional family environment
- Parent with mental health problems
- Abuse or neglect in childhood
- Substance misuse & associated problems
- Inadequate mental health service provision
Cognitive Model of PDs
- Dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs are the central problem for diverse sets of attributes and behaviours seen in all PDs
- CORE COGNITIVE TRIAD:
1. Maladaptive info about self/future/others
2. Leads to maladaptive behaviours
3. Negative consequences which reinforce the initial belief
- CORE COGNITIVE TRIAD:
most common cluster?
cluster C avoidant/fearful
A>B
Cluster A explanations
Similar to those of SZ
Cluster C explanations
cogntive behavioural model:
Avoidant: fail to develop normal social skills
Dependent: parents unintentionally rewarded children’s clinging/“loyal” behavior while punishing independence
stability of PDs
might be more mutable than once thought?
- BPD seems to show better improvement year by year
narcissism and triad
Views about the world: everyone is inferior to me/ I am entitled to everything b/c I’m so great/ fears of mocking. Blames world for their failure, defeats & “bad luck”
Views about future: thinks world is theirs for the taking/ think they deserve things.
Views about oneself: thinks they’re the best at most things & have “intellectual superiority”
types of dysphoria
1) female to male
2a. autogynaphilic –> stereotypically male @ brith and then starts to cross dress and gets aroused at it (like transvestic disorder) & is attracted to females. BUT later on will start to feel more and more like they want to become a female as they get older (what differentiates the two)
2b. androphilic –> female like from birth. Always eanted to be female. Sexually attracted to males (““gay””)
