Psychopathology - Class notes > Substances 1 > Flashcards

Substances 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a big issue with treating substance abuse?

A

Often users are in denial about it being an issue
(Will interfere with help - seeking)

The substance becomes a defining element of your life

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2
Q

Why is there a rising risk of substance use in adolencence?

A

It’s cheaper now (can buy cocaine w/o breaking your bank)
- Cannabis (parents do it, and kids learn that behaviour)
- Alcohol cabinet (kids pick it up)
- Nicotine
- Prescription Rx

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3
Q

How are indigenous ppl disproportionally effected by addiction?

(Glue age)

A

Rates of hospitalization for substance abuse in First Nations are 7 times higher than in
the non-Indigenous population.

Average age of onset for sniffing glue on
Reservations is 9 years

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4
Q

Physical consequences of substance use?

A

Damage to vital organs (liver, heart, lungs, brain)

Increased risk of infectious diseases (HIV, hepatitis) if associated with intravenous drug use

Neurological impairments and cognitive deficits

Increased risk of overdose, which can be fatal

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5
Q

Social consequences of substance use?

A

Strained or broken relationships with family, friends, and colleagues

Social isolation and withdrawal

Difficulties at work or school

Legal problems related to substance-related activities

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6
Q

Psychological consequences of substance use?

A

Anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders

Mood swings and emotional instability

Impaired judgment and decision- making

Development or worsening of mental health problems

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7
Q

General life consequences of substance use?

A

Financial problems due to spending on substances

Loss of employment or academic opportunities

Pregnancy

Incarceration

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8
Q

Levels of Involvement

Intoxication

A

physiological reactions such as becoming
drunk or high

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9
Q

Levels of Involvement

Use

A

ingestion of psychoactive substances in
moderate amounts that do not necessarily interfere with social, educational, or
occupational functioning

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10
Q

Levels of Involvement

Substance abuse

A

When individuals can no longer control their use of a particular substance

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11
Q

What is tolerance?

A

using of increasingly greater amounts of the
drug to experience the same effect

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12
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

a negative physical response when the
substance is no longer ingested

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13
Q

What is Physiological dependence?

A

Physiological dependence on the drug or drugs means using of increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect (tolerance), and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested (withdrawal)

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14
Q

What is Psychological Dependence on Substances?

A

a desperate need to ingest more of the substance such as drug-seeking behaviour, stealing to buy drugs, and the likelihood that use will resume after a period of abstinence.

  • U wake up and are craving it
  • Psychological attempt to acquire it
  • Behaviour (qualifier)
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15
Q

What symptoms do you need to have alcohol use disorder?

A
  • Using larger amounts or over a longer period than intended
  • Unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use
  • Significant time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from substances
  • Craving or strong desire to use
  • Failure to fulfill major role obligations
  • Continued use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems
  • Giving up activities in favor of use
  • Using in physically hazardous situations
  • Continued use despite health problems
  • Tolerance (needing more of the substance)
  • Withdrawal symptoms
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16
Q

How often do you need to have symptoms to have substance use disorder?

A

presence of at least 2 of the symptoms within a 12-month period

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17
Q

Substance type: Depressants

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines.

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18
Q

Substance type: Stimulants

A

Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine

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19
Q

Substance type: Opioids

A

Heroin, opium, morphine, oxycodone,
codeine.

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20
Q

Substance type: Hallucinogens

A

LSD, psylocibin

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21
Q

Substance type: Other drugs of abuse

A

Glue, steroids, and nitrous oxide

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22
Q

What do depressants typically do?

A

Depressants primarily decrease central nervous system activity.

Included in this group are alcohol and the sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs.

These substances are among those most likely to produce symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal

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23
Q

Traits of Alcohol Use Disorder?

  • Craving:
  • Impaired Control:
  • Preoccupation:
  • Tolerance:
  • Withdrawal:
  • Neglect of Responsibilities:
  • Continued Use Despite Problems:
A
  • Craving: A strong desire or urge to drink.
  • Impaired Control: Drinking more or for
    longer than intended, or unsuccessful efforts to cut down.
  • Preoccupation: Spending a lot of time
    obtaining, using, or recovering from alcohol.
  • Tolerance: Needing more alcohol to achieve the same effect or diminished effect with continued use.
  • Withdrawal: Experiencing symptoms such
    as sweating, shaking, nausea, or anxiety
    when not drinking.
  • Neglect of Responsibilities: Failing to
    meet obligations at work, school, or home
    due to alcohol.
  • Continued Use Despite Problems:
    Persisting in drinking despite health, social, or interpersonal issue
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24
Q

Which organs really struggle with alcohol?

A

Heart and liver really don’t like the consumption

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25
What is Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium?
Lasts around 72 hrs * Agitation. * Insomnia. * Disorientation to time and place. * Hallucinations
26
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
Stops your ability to absorb vitamin = thiamine (brain needs this) Causes: * Confusion * Difficulty with planning, problem-solving, and maintaining attention * Loss of muscle coordination * Unintelligible speech * Confabulation (making stuff up)
27
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? (FAS)
* Fetal growth retardation * Cognitive deficits * Behaviour problems * Learning difficulties
28
Define these three things: Sedative Hypnotic Anxiolytic drugs
Sedative (calming) Hypnotic (sleep-inducing) Anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) drugs
29
What are the two drugs in the Sedative-, Hypnotic-, and Anxiolytic- category?
Barbiturates Benzodiazepines
30
What do Barbiturates do in the brain?
Increase activity in GABA GABA shuts / slows other systems = sedative (calming) effect on you
31
Historical uses of Barbiturates?
Historically used for anesthesia, anxiety relief, and to treat seizures
32
Risks of Barbiturates?
Dependence, overdose, respiratory depression, and withdrawal symptoms
32
What do Barbiturates end with?
- ital Phenobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital, secobarbital.
33
What do Benzodiazepines do?
act on the central nervous system as depressants. They enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA-A receptor, producing calming, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle-relaxant, and anticonvulsant effects
34
What do Benzodiazepines end with?
- am Diazepam (Valium) Alprazolam (Xanax) Lorazepam (Ativan) Clonazepam (Klonopin) Temazepam (Restoril)
35
What is important to note about Prescription rates in recent years?
It's been increasing ( rates of sedative and hypnotic drugs, such as benzodiazepines and sleeping pills)
36
How can we diagnose Diagnosis of Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic- Related Disorders? (important factors to possess)
Use despite physical or psychological problems caused or worsened by the substance. Repeated unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control use. Significant impairment or distress resulting from use. Tolerance — needing increased amounts to achieve the desired effect. Withdrawal symptoms upon cessation or reduction of use. Recurrent use in physically hazardous situations (e.g., driving while impaired)
37
How are prescription rates diff with diff populations?
vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and individuals with a history of substance use disorders, are more at risk of experiencing negative effects from the over prescription of these drugs
38
What are Stimulants?
Included in this group are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.
39
What are Amphetamines?
Stimulant - First used in the treatment of asthma and as a nasal decongestant. * Used as weight loss drugs. * Used for energy and to remain awake/alert (pilots, drivers, students). * Narcolepsy. * ADHD
40
Diagnosis of Stimulant Use Disorder? Two of the following over 12 months:
*Excessive Use *Unsuccessful Quit Attempts *Time Spent *Cravings *Failure to Fulfill Roles *Social or Interpersonal Problems *Reduced Activities *Use in Dangerous Situations *Continued Use Despite Problems: *Tolerance *Withdrawal
41
Amphetamine Intoxication Psychological effects
 Euphoria  Changes in sociability  anxiety, tension, anger  Stereotyped behaviours  Impaired judgment  Impaired social or occupational functioning.  Hallucinations
42
Amphetamine Intoxication Physiological effects
 Increases in heart rate  Blood pressure changes  Perspiration or chills  Nausea or vomiting  Weight loss  Respiratory depression  Seizures  Coma
43
What is Cocaine?
* A stimulant drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant. * Initially, the addictive properties of cocaine were not recognized. * High cost led to use primarily with individuals who were affluent. * Method of ingestion is ‘snorted’ or injected. * Crack cocaine is smoked
44
Consequences of Cocaine: Long Term Use? Addiction and Dependence
Self explanatory
44
Consequences of Cocaine: Long Term Use? - Neurological Effects:
Cardiovascular Damage * Neurological Effects: seizures, strokes, and neurotoxicity.
44
Consequences of Cocaine: Long Term Use? Psychological and Cognitive Impact
paranoia, hallucinations
45
Consequences of Cocaine: Long Term Use? Respiratory Problems:
damage nasal tissues, cause chronic runny nose
46
Consequences of Cocaine: Long Term Use? Gastrointestinal Issues
decreased blood flow and bowel ischemia
47
Consequences of Cocaine: Long Term Use? Dental Decay
"Crack mouth" syndrome involves severe tooth decay and gum disease
48
Consequences of Cocaine: Long Term Use? Effects on infants:
deficits in auditory information
49
How does Amphetamine work in the brain?
stimulates release of dopamine and norepinephrine and blocks reuptake -
50
How does cocaine work in the brain?
Effect of cocaine is primarily in blocking reuptake of dopamine. * Effects on dopamine likely contribute to the euphoric experience of these two drug (Cocaine and Amphetamine)
51
What is the ‘Dopamine Theory of Addiction’?
individuals with a genetic predisposition to experience less satisfaction from natural rewards might be most prone to addition from stimulants
52
Withdrawal symptoms of tobacco (nicotine)?
depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, and increased appetite & weight gain
53
What drug is called "gentle stimulant"
Coffee / caffeine coffee, tea, chocolate, energy drinks Higher doses can contribute to agitation and sleep disturbance. * Withdrawal symptoms include headache, drowsiness, irritability
54
How does caffeine influence the brain?
Caffeine’s central effect involves its influence on the neuromodulator, adenosine
55
What are Opiates?
Chemical compounds that are extracted or refined from natural plant matter (poppy sap and fibers). Opium, morphine, codeine, heroin
56
What are Narcotics?
Both groups of drugs are "narcotics." (The word "narcotic" simply means sleep-inducing or numbness-inducing (from the Medieval Latin narcoticus, from the Greek narkoun "to be numb."
56
What are Opioids?
Chemical compounds that are synthesized to mimic properties of opiates. - Can be modified to be more potent Oxycontin, percoset, Demerol, fentanyl
57
What do you see with Opioid Use Disorder?
* Taking opioids in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended. * Unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use. * Great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain or use opioids. * Craving or a strong desire to use opioids. * Failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home. * Continued use despite having problems caused or worsened by opioids. * Recurrent opioid use in situations where it's physically hazardous. Also show Tolerance and Withdrawal
58
What are Hallucinogens?
To hallucinate ("acid" "LSD") lbert Hoffmann, a scientist at a large Swiss chemical company, prepared to test a newly synthesized compound
59
Hallucinogenic Drug types: What is LSD?
(d-lysergic acid diethylamide) , sometimes referred to as acid, is a common hallucinogenic drug. Timothy Leary, at the time a Harvard research professor, first used LSD in 1961 and immediately began a movement to have every child and adult try the drug and “turn on, tune in, and drop out
60
Hallucinogenic Drug types: What is Psilocybin?
found in certain species of mushrooms (Magic Mushroom)
61
Hallucinogenic Drug types: What is Dimethyltryptamine?
(DMT), found in the bark of the Virola tree
62
Hallucinogenic Drug types: What is Mescaline?
Found in the peyote cactus plan
63
Hallucinogenic Drug types: What is Phencyclidine?
(PCP), synthetic hallucinogen
64
What is Cannabis classified as?
Classified as a hallucinogen but also has depressant and stimulant effects - Marijuana is the name given to the dried parts of the cannabis or hemp plan - Higher use in individuals with mental health problems and there are indications that cannabis might trigger psychotic episodes in at-risk individuals
65
Effects of Cannabis?
state, heightened sensory experiences, seeing vivid colours, and distorted time
66
Causes of drug use?
*Genetics. *Psychological. *Cognitive (Expectancies). *Craving. *Conditioning. *Denial. *Modelling. *Social inclusion
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Psychopathology - Class notes
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