substructure-foundation

Question 1

what are vertical loads

Answer 1

these include the dead load and live or imposed loads

Question 2

what are lateral loads

Answer 2

forces from wind, earthquakes and earth pressure

Question 3

what is top soil

Answer 3

this is the loose soil, growing plant life and the accumalation of decaying vegetation found on the surface.

Question 4

what is subsoil

Answer 4

these are the soils located below the top soil.

Question 5

what are coarse grained non cohesive soils

Answer 5

this consists of the coarser larger silicious unaltered products of rock weathering.

Question 6

what is gravel

Answer 6

A natural coarse grained deposit of rock fragments
larger than 2mm

Question 7

what is sand

Answer 7

a natural sediment granular relatively less than 2mm

Question 8

what is bearing capacity

Answer 8

Bearing capacity refers to the ability of soil (or rock) to support the loads applied to the ground from a structure, such as a building, bridge, or foundation.

Question 9

what is immediate settlement

Answer 9

Immediate settlement (also called elastic settlement) is the initial vertical movement of the foundation and underlying soil that occurs immediately after the load is applied, before any drainage or consolidation happens.

Question 10

what is consolidation settlement

Answer 10

This is a time-dependent process that occurs in saturated fine-
grained soils, particularly clays.

Question 11

what is secondary compression

Answer 11

Secondary compression (also called secondary settlement or creep) is the slow, long-term settlement of soil that happens after primary consolidation is complete

Question 12

what is surface drainage

Answer 12

protection from water accumlation

Question 13

what is subsurface drainage

Answer 13

protection from rising groundwater

Question 14

what is Preliminary Investigation

Answer 14

it is a desk study of geological maps

Question 15

what are field investigation techniques

Answer 15

standard penetration tests

Question 16

what are strip foundations

Answer 16

Strip foundations are a type of shallow foundation that uses a continuous strip of concrete to support load-bearing walls

Question 17

what are pad foundations

Answer 17

Pad foundations are a type of shallow foundation that spreads the load from a single point

Question 18

what are raft foundations

Answer 18

A raft foundation is a large, reinforced concrete slab that supports the entire building by spreading its weight over the whole footprint

Question 19

what are pile foundations

Answer 19

Pile foundations transfer a building’s load to deeper, more stable soil layers through long columns called piles, which are driven or drilled into the ground.