Hard power examples
Military and economic. E.g trade deals and sanctions
Soft power examples
Cultural influence
Frank’s dependency model
Developing countries are reliant on developed countries. Continued dominance will leave developing countries in cycle of poverty
Rostow’s modernisation theory
Through increased investment and exposure to modernisation, societies will become more highly developed. A nation goes from a traditional society to a modern one.
Westernisation
Society adopts ideas that are characteristics of Western Europe
Cultural imperialism
Powerful country or group imposes its culture on another society, often through globalisation not force.
Spheres of influence - weak or strong with example
A physical region over which a country beleives it has economic, military, cultural or political influence over.
1. Example- Russia and Arctic/Ukraine
China’s belt and road initiative
Strategy launched to build infrastructure and improve traffic and expand China’s economic and political influence
What is IP?
To prevent new inventions, protected by system of IP. Includes trademark or copyright.
Example of China’s belt and road initiative
Silk road- Ports/infrastructure development around Indian Ocean
South and East China Sea - example of disputed geography.
Island China strategy- trying to control the ocean from its coast.
Colonial
Direct control exerted over territories conquered by European powers
Neo-colonial with example
Indirect actions which developed countries exercise a degree of control over the devlopment of former colonies
1. Example- China vs Africa
Unipolar - USA
One country dominating in economic and military spheres.
Multipolar
Multiple countries dominating
Bipolar
Two countries dominating (China and USA
Disputed geography example
China and the South East Sea
