SURGERY

Question 1

REASONS FOR SURGERY

Answer 1

1. Diagnostic
2. Curative
3. Restorative
4. Palliative
5. Cosmetic

Question 2

REASONS FOR SURGERY

Diagnostic

Answer 2

– establishing a diagnosis; benign/malignant

Question 3

REASONS FOR SURGERY

Curative

Answer 3

removal of the deceased body part; -ectomy
o Cleft palate repair
o Repair:
▪ -pexy; fix or secure - Orchidopexy
▪ -plasty; surgical repair – rhinoplasty
▪ -rraphy; suture repair - Neurorraphy

Question 4

REASONS FOR SURGERY

Restorative

Answer 4

– bring back the function that has been lost
o Two types
▪ 2
o congenital defect
▪ 2
o accident or injury (organ has lost its
function)

Question 5

REASONS FOR SURGERY

Palliative

Answer 5

to palliate symptoms; severe pain; nerve root
resection

Question 6

REASONS FOR SURGERY

Cosmetic

Answer 6

repair for cosmetic
o Rhinoplasty (silastic sheet)
o Blepharoplasty (eyelids)

Question 7

A. PURPOSE OF SURGERY

Answer 7

Diagnostic

Exploratory

Curative

Palliative

Transplant

Question 8

A. PURPOSE OF SURGERY

Diagnostic

Answer 8

– confirms or establishes a diagnosis

Question 9

A. PURPOSE OF SURGERY

Exploratory

Answer 9

– explore the extent of injury

Question 10

A. PURPOSE OF SURGERY

Curative

Answer 10

1. Ablative – removal of the deceased organ fully
2. Constructive/Reconstructive/Restorative/Cos
   metic

Question 11

A. PURPOSE OF SURGERY

Palliative

Answer 11

– relieves or reduces pain or symptoms of a
disease; it does not cure (resection of nerve roots)

Question 12

A. PURPOSE OF SURGERY

Transplan

Answer 12

– remove the deceased part and replace with a
fully functioning one

Question 13

URGENCY OF SURGERY
what are the CLASSIFICATION, INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY and EXAMPLES

Emergent

Answer 13

CLASSIFICATION
patient
requires immediate
attention; disorder may
be life threatening

INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY
Done immediately (w/o
delay) to preserve life, a
body part or function of
a limb

EXAMPLES
Obstetric emergencies
gunshot or stab
wounds, bowel
obstruction, ruptured
aneurysm, ruptured
spleen

Question 14

URGENCY OF SURGERY
what are the CLASSIFICATION, INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY and EXAMPLES

Urgent or Imperative

Answer 14

CLASSIFICATION
must be done in a
relatively short time
frame to preserve
health and prevent
additional problem from
developing

INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY
Usually done within 24-
48 hours

EXAMPLES
Closed fractures,
infected wound
explorations,
cholecystectomy for
cholecystitis

Question 15

URGENCY OF SURGERY
what are the CLASSIFICATION, INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY and EXAMPLES

Elective

Answer 15

CLASSIFICATION
– Procedure is
pre-planned and based
on the choice and
availability of
scheduling for the
patient, surgeon and
facility

INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY
Delay or omissions will
not cause ill effects or
adverse effect;
condition is not
imminently lifethreatening in nature
(but may ultimately

EXAMPLES
Scar revision, simple
hernia, vaginal repair,
Hip Replacement
Surgery, Tonsillectomy

Question 15

URGENCY OF SURGERY
what are the CLASSIFICATION, INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY and EXAMPLES

Optional

Answer 15

CLASSIFICATION
– requested
by the client and usually
for aesthetic purposes;
decision rests with the
patient

INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY
Personal preference

EXAMPLES
Cosmetic surgeries –
breast augmentation,
rhinoplasty

Question 15

URGENCY OF SURGERY
what are the CLASSIFICATION, INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY and EXAMPLES

Planned or Required

Answer 15

CLASSIFICATION
patient needs to have
the surgery done
(necessary for wellbeing)

INDICATIONS FOR
SURGERY
Plan within a few weeks
or months

EXAMPLES
BPH, thyroid disorders,
cataract surgery

Question 16

Major Surgery –

Answer 16

major surgery requires hospitalization and
specialized care, is usually prolonged, has a higher degree
of risk, involves major body organs or life threatening
situations, and has a greater risk for postoperative
complications.

Question 17

Minor Surgery

Answer 17

– a relatively painless and fairly quick
procedure. It generally takes 20 to 30 minutes. Most
procedures are carried out using local anaesthetic. This is
an injection given around the site of the operation

Question 17

MINOR SURGERY

Answer 17

Dental Extraction or Dental Restoration
Cataract Surgery
Removal of small lumps and bumps
Incision and drainage
Debridement Procedures
Knee Arthroscopy
Circumcision

Question 17

MAJOR SURGERY

Answer 17

Open Cholecystectomy
Hysterectomy
Nephrectomy
Radical Mastectomy
Laparotomy
Transplantation (Liver, Heart, Lung, Kidney)
Open Heart Surgery (Valve Replacement)
Hip Replacement Surgery
Bariatric Surgery – Sleeve Gastrectomy, Gastric Bypass

Question 18

. EXTENT OF SURGERY

Simple

Answer 18

surgery performed on superficial tissue, usually
under local anesthesia and using minimal equipment.

Question 19

. EXTENT OF SURGERY

Minimally Invasive

Answer 19

– involves smaller outer incisions to
insert miniaturized instruments within a body cavity or
structure, as in laparoscopic surgery

Question 19

. EXTENT OF SURGERY

Radical

Answer 19

– surgery to remove a tumor and a large amount of
normal tissue surrounding it; radical resection include
ligation of the vascular pedicle, draining the tumor, complete
resection of the tumor and the adjacent colon with free
margins, and resection of any involved contiguous organs.
o Radical Mastectomy, Radical Hysterectomy

Question 19

CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND WOUND INFECTION RISK what are the Description and Infection Risk CleanIncising uninfected skin without opening a viscus

Answer 19

Incising uninfected skin without opening a viscus <2%

Question 20

CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND WOUND INFECTION RISK what are the Description and Infection Risk Clean contaminated

Answer 20

Intra-operative breach of a viscus (but not colon) 8-10%

Question 21

CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND WOUND INFECTION RISK what are the Description and Infection Risk Contaminated

Answer 21

Breach of a viscus + spillage or opening of colon 12-20%

Question 21

CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND WOUND INFECTION RISK what are the Description and Infection Risk Dirty

Answer 21

Site already contaminated with pus, feces ore exogenous contaminant, eg trauma 25%

Question 21

CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND WOUND INFECTION RISK what are the Criteria Clean

Answer 21

Elective, nonemergency, nontraumatic case, primarily closed; no acute inflammation; no break in aseptic technique; respiratory, gastrointestinal, biliary, and genitourinary tracts not entered.

Question 22

CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND WOUND INFECTION RISK what are the Criteria Clean contaminated

Answer 22

Urgent or emergency case that is otherwise clean; elective opening of respiratory, gastrointestinal, biliary, or genitourinary tract with minimal spillage (e.g., appendectomy) not encountering infected urine or bile; minor aseptic technique break

Question 23

CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND WOUND INFECTION RISK what are the Criteria Contaminated

Answer 23

Nonpurulent inflammation; gross spillage from gastrointestinal tract; entry into biliary or genitourinary tract in the presence of infected bile or urine; major break in aseptic technique; penetrating trauma <4hours old; chronic open wounds to be grafted or covered

Question 24

CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND WOUND INFECTION RISK what are the Criteria Dirty

Answer 24

Purulent inflammation (e.g., abscess); preoperative perforation of respiratory, gastrointestinal, biliary, or genitourinary tract; penetrating trauma >4 hours old.

Question 25

EFFECTS OF SURGERY

Answer 25

1. Stress response is elicited. 2. Defense against infection is lowered. 3. Vascular system is disrupted. 4. Organ functions are disturbed. 5. Lifestyle may change.

Question 26

How do u assess the GI tract?

Answer 26

Check for flatulence; very important in post operative procedure (8 hours)

Question 27

SURGICAL RISK FACTORS GENERAL RISK FACTORS

Answer 27

* Obesity * Fluid and Electrolyte Balance * Age * Nutritional Status * Presence of Comorbidities * Concurrent or Prior Pharmacotherapy