1
Q
Noun phrase
A
- contains noun and other ‘related words’
- ‘related words’ = usually dets or modifiers
- can be subject, object or compliment in clause
2
Q
Verb phrase
A
- always contains lexical verbs
- order: modal, X2 aux, lexical
- can have adverbs if it’s in the middle, not on the edges
3
Q
Prepositional phrase
A
- always preposition (usually at start)
- h/w can consist of noun phrase + other modifiers
4
Q
Tests for phrases
A
- substitution (replace with a single word)
- movement (move as a whole)
- can have phrases within phrases
5
Q
How can prepositional phrases function?
A
- adjectival - describe a noun
- adverbial - when, where, how, how much, how often
6
Q
Types of clauses
A
- independent/main
- dependent/subordinate
7
Q
What is a main clause?
A
can stand alone
8
Q
What is a subordinate/ dependant clause?
A
a clause that can’t stand alone
9
Q
Types of subordinate clause
A
- non-finite clause
- relative clause
- subordinate clause
10
Q
Clause v. phrase
A
clauses = subject + verb that agree
(although the subject can be omitted)
11
Q
What is a subject?
A
- the noun phrase that comes before the verb
- (most of the time) describes the who/what/thing which ‘does’ the action of the verb
12
Q
What are the forms of ‘to be’?
A
be / being / been / is / am / are / was / were
13
Q
What are the forms of ‘to do’?
A
do / doing / done / did / does
14
Q
What are the forms of ‘to have’?
A
have / has / had / having
15
Q
What is a direct object?
A
- a NP directly influenced/affected by the action of the verb
- always comes after the verb
- answers ‘who’ ‘what’
- CANNOT be prepositional phrases!!!
E.g “the dog ate the bone”
16
Q
What is an indirect object?
A
- a NP that is indirectly affected/influenced by the action of the verb
- always comes after the verb
- could come after a preposition
- answers ‘to whom’ ‘for whom’ ‘for what’
- Usually, but not always, precedes the direct object
- need to be a direct object!!
- check by placing Oi after Od and putting ‘to’ b/w
E.g “Angelo gave his friend a present”
17
Q
a transitive verb
A
takes a direct object
18
Q
a ditransitive verb
A
takes a direct AND indirect object
19
Q
an intransitive verb
A
takes no object
20
Q
True or false? A verb can only be transitive, ditransitive or intransitive
A
False - you need to look at the given sentence
21
Q
a copular verb
A
is when the subject and the complement (the ‘thing’ on the other side of the verb) refer to the same entity
22
Q
True or false? A complement is always a noun phrase
A
False - it can be an adjective, a prepositional phrase, a clause etc. (e.g. I am happy)
23
Q
Complement
A
- gives extra info abt subject or object
- Copular verb = hint but not always
- Can be complement subject or complement object
- can be adj phr, noun phr, number or clause
E.g Cs: “The sun was bright”
E.g Co “The teacher considered her student a genius”
24
Q
True or false? A verb can be intransitive and copular
A
True - if it is copular, it is not taking an object so is intransitive
25
What are the three tenses?
past, present, future
26
What are the four aspects?
simple, perfect, progressive, perfect progressive
27
Which morpheme indicates the progressive aspect?
-ing
28
Which auxiliary verb indicates the perfect aspect?
to have
29
Which modal verb indicates future tense?
will
30
Past or present? Has
present
31
Past or present? Have
present
32
Past or present? Had
past
33
What is a finite verb?
1. first verb in the phrase (of a main clause)
2. indicates tense, number, person
3. all modal verbs
34
What is a non-finite verb?
1. does not indicate tense, number or person
2. Can be -ing, -ed, & infinitive (-en?)
35
Relative clause
1. begin with relative pronoun (these can be omitted)
2. provide more information about the preceding noun (T/F MUST BE A NOUN!!)*
3. 'who' 'whom' 'which' 'whose' 'that'
4. act as adjectives
5. are embedded within the independent clause
6. must contain a verb, or this is just an appositive
*if no noun, safe to assume that 'that' is a subordinating conj,
36
person
first, second, third
37
first person
1. the action is happening to the narrator
2. I, we, us, me, my, mine, our
38
second person
1. you, your
39
third person
1. the action is happening to someone that is not the narrator
2. he, she, it, they, him, her, theirs
40
plural
more than one
41
singular
one
42
number
singular or plural
43
comparative
comparing two things
1. -er
2. more
44
superlative
saying one thing is the best (most super)
1. -est
2. most
45
sentence types
declarative
imperative
interrogative
exclamative
(declarative + interrogative tag)
46
declarative
1. SV(X)
2. a statement
3. can be fact, opinion, neutral, commanding, long, short etc.
47
interrogative
1. inversion of subject + aux verb
2. question word + inversion of subject + aux verb
3. a question
4. NOT indicated by punctuation or rising intonation etc.
48
imperative
1. V(X)
2. implied but omitted second person subject (YOU)
3. a command
4. CAN include polite forms and names e.g please
49
exclamative
1. what/how + statement but no inversion
2. NOT indicated by punctuation (!)
3. must include a verb to be a sentence / otherwise exclamative fragment
50
Identify: sentence structures
simple
compound
complex
compound-complex
51
simple sentence
one subject & one finite verb phrase
*subject may be ommited?
remember appositives exist, this X make it complex.
52
compound sentence
1. two (or more) simple sentences or indp. clauses
2. joined by coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) or ; or correlating conjunctions*
*e.g 'either...or' & 'not only..but also' & 'both...and' & 'whether...or'
Remember: 2nd repetition of subject can be omitted
Remember appositives exist and this X make it complex.
53
FANBOYS
for and nor but or yet so
54
co-ordinating conjunctions
FANBOYS
for and nor but or yet so
55
is because a co-ordinating or subordinating conjunction?
subordinating
56
is but a co-ordinating or subordinating conjunction?
co-ordinating
57
complex sentence
one main clause + two (or more) sub clauses
58
compound-complex sentence
1.two (or more) main clauses + one (or more) sub clauses
2. t/f minimum of 3 verb phrases
59
steps to find sentence structure
1. find + highlight verb phrases
2. find clause boundaries and how they are joined
3. determine types of clauses
4. label sentence structure
60
fragment
not a grammatically complete sentence
61
ellipsis
A syntactic construction where there are grammatically element that have been omitted.
"Ø wanna go out for lunch?" (do you..)
"Can i have the pencil Ø I lent you this morning?" (that..)
Note: elision ≠ ellipsis
62
types of voice
1. active
2. passive
3. agentless passive
63
active voice
the NP in subject position is actively doing the action of the verb
SV(X)
64
passive voice
-the NP in subject position is NOT doing the action of the verb
-the NP doing the action of the verb is made an agent introduced by a 'by phrase'
-must have an aux. 'to be' (in some conjugation) to be a passive
65
to find passive voice
1. check if the subject is 'doing the verb'
2. aux 'to be' in the verb phrase
3. by phrase (agent)
note you can use 'got' instead of 'to be'
66
Define Phrase & Identify types
a single word or group of words that act together as a unit
Types: noun, verb, prepositional, adjectival, adverbial
67
Adjectival Phrase
- adj = main word
- can be contained within noun phrase
68
Adverbial Phrase
- contains of adverbs + words acting as adverbs
- can be contained within verb phrases
69
Identify all components of clauses
Subject, verb, object, complement, adverbial
70
What need to be in EVERY clause?
VERB!
71
Adverbials (component of clauses)
1. Ask How? When? Where? How often?
2. Can be adv phr, prep phr, noun phr, clauses
E.g "They went **to town yesterday**
- 'to town' = prep phr
- 'yesterday' = adv phr
E.g "they went **to town last week**
- 'last week' = noun phr
72
non-finite clause
1. starts with non-finite verb, not main process/ action of sentence
73
declarative + interrogative tag
a declarative sentence + interrogative tag
e.g He ate his dinner, **didn't he?**
74
Writing about voice
- active intentionally places focus on the subject who completes the verb.
- passive places focus on the recipient (and minimises the role of the thing completing the verb)
- passive creates an element of obfuscation (hiding the meaning)
