T4: Identity Development Flashcards

Question

How has the critique of group vs personal identity been considered? | linear model criticism

Answer 1

new model of inclusive model of sexual minority identity with two separate linear route, one for personal and one for group identity

Answer 2

relatable to many but not all. Error Bars: measures of SD around that avaerage point. Some are very small (questioned orientation, sexual activity, coming out) but other have a lot of variation (coming out to parents, self-idenitity, romantic relationship)

Answer 3

Yes looking at different generations

Answer 4

Analysed data from national longitudinal study of adolescent health, examined changes in self-reproted sexual attraction 6 years apart. * 3% of men and 11% of women went from heterosexual to non-hetersexual on kinsley scale * 13% of men and 18% of women idenitied as heterosexual after saying bi * 33% of men and 15% of women identified as bi became id gay. * 8% of men and 26% of women identified as gay then as something else on scale.

Answer 5

Sexual minorities report more retrospective memory for “non-typical” gender behaviour in childhood (Bailey & Zucker, 1995) Gender-typed behavior (3-4Y) predicted non-heterosexual sexual orientation at age 15 years. Around 4Y: lesbians and gay men were 19 and 26 times more likely to express gender non-conforming behaviour. Only a minority of lesbians and gay men showed gender non-conforming behaviour as kids - 19% and 13%

Answer 6

Bisexuality is often viewed as a transitory identity, an indication of identity confusion or even internalized homophobia. The linear stages model explicitly/implicitly reinforce this view. Many therapists hold these views, which can affect clinical success. Identity confusion can be caused due to bisexual stereotypes.

Answer 7

Coming out isn't one stages, it's continuous. No everyone can disclose their identity (due to danger). Is pride still a thing, comes with the contast share, do we still feel shame. Normative assumptions (synthesis) what does it mean to be a healthy adult, need to be productive member of society, can't be angry or an activist all the time

Answer 8

your identity should only be a small part of your life, viewed as immature for being vocal, a teen phase.

Answer 9

Identities and identity development change based on our changing society. “All models are wrong, but some are useful” (George Box) We can be critical of the linear models, but some are just a representation of their time, trying to help people feel pride.

Answer 10

Nonsequential models

Answer 11

Homosexual lifespan development model Nonseuqential task model of bi/pan/poly identities

Answer 12

6 separate categories: exiting a heterosexual identity developing a personal LGB identity status Developing a LGB social identity entering a LGB community Claming an identity as a LGB offspring Developing a LGB social identity Developing a LGB Intimacy status

Answer 13

all interact together labeling managing impact of oppression and stigma coming out community and or political identity saience and intersection of identities Whole person (sociopoilitical environment)

Answer 14

A Fourteen Stage Model of Transsexual Identity Formation (Devor, 2004) Transgender Emergence Model (Lev, 2004)

Answer 15

1. Abiding anxiety 2. identity confusion 1 (sex asgnied) 3. Identity comparison 1 (sex assigned) 4. Discovery 5. Identity confusion 2 (trans) 6. Identity comparison 2 (trans) 7. tolerance of identity 8. delay before acceptance 9. acceptance 10. delay before transition 11. transition 12. acceptance of post-transition idenitit 13. integration 14. pride

Answer 16

preference of other gender activities

Answer 17

reactive gender conforming activities

Answer 18

experimenting with alternative gender identities

Answer 19

accidental contact with information

Answer 20

Seeking more information

Answer 21

start to disindentify with assigned sex

Answer 22

increasingly disidentifying with assigned sex

Answer 23

reality testing in intimate relationships

Answer 24

tell other about identity

Answer 25

learning how to do transition

Answer 26

gender and sex reassignments

Answer 27

successful post-transition living

Answer 28

stigma management. idenittiy integration

Answer 29

transexual advocacy

Answer 30

Saying that people have to go through all this situation in the same order. Not everyone will experience the same things in the same order.

Answer 31

1. Awareness 2. Seeking information/reaching out 3. disclosure to significant others 4. exploration (identity and self-labeling) 5. exploration (transition issues, possible body modification) 6. integration (acceptance & post-transition issues)

Answer 32

Distress around differences. Therapeutic goal: normalizing common experiences

Answer 33

Learning and search for support. Therapeutic goal: help with search

Answer 34

Disclosure to partners, family, and/or friends. Therapeutic goal: support individual in relationship context

Answer 35

The individual examines different identities Therapeutic goal: Support expressions and comfort with gender identity

Answer 36

The individual explores social and physical changes. Therapeutic goal: Support decision making and implementation

Answer 37

The individual integrates gender identity in different aspects of life. Therapeutic goal: Support integration

Answer 38

It’s to help the clinician to identify what the therapeutic goal. Guide tool for clinicians.

Answer 39

initial self-awreness experssion in private disclosure to others hormone integration (70% of participants)

Answer 40

Transgender gender modality is medicalized. Many (not all) trans people have gender affirming medical care. In many cases, transgender individuals require the approval of medical professionals. This recognition process is complicated and inconsistent. Who determines if one is “really” transgender? gatekeeping power

Answer 41

Puberty blockers, hormone therapy, facial feminization/masculinization, genital surgery

Answer 42

Trans people need to get approved by medical field and involve law. The process is inconsistent, from one country to another, from one time point to another. Who has the power to determine who is ‘trans’ enough to get medical and legal care.

Answer 43

1980 DSM-III: gender identity disorder & Transsexualism 2013: DSM-VI: gender dysphoria (GD)

Answer 44

A marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, associated with significant distress * marked incongruence * strong desire to: * be rid of one’s sex characteristics * for sex characteristics of the other gender * to be of the other gender * to be treated as the other gender * strong conviction that one has the typical feelings of the other gender

Answer 45

An incoherent concept. Why even keep GD in the DSM? =>for insurance, you need a medical diagnosis

Answer 46

This seem to be the label used to describe trans people. But gender dysphoria is not always felt by trans people, so why is it the name for trans people.

Answer 47

The only solution found to make sure trans people can get medical care, is through insurance, which they need a medical diagnosis, which is why gender dysphoria needs to be in the DSM-5 But it medicalizes trans people.

Answer 48

GD ≠ transgender gender modality. 0.5-1.3% of children experience GD in childhood and adolescence (Zucker, 2017) Most (up to 85%) children who experience GD in childhood do not identify as transgender after puberty (Steensma et al., 2013), many will identify as LGB. Out of kids who experience gender dysphoria, most (85%) don’t end up being trans. These kids go to gender clinics and expresses discomfort with their gender identity. But maybe identify as LGB. ~75% of transgender adults reported experiencing GD between ages 3-7 (Zaliznyak et al., 2021) Degree of Gender nonconformity and GD predict social transitioning and transgender identity in adolescence (Steensma et al., 2013; Rae et al., 2019) Most people who experience gender dysphoria as kids don’t end up being trans, but most trans people expressing feeling gender dysphoria as kids.

Answer 49

According to some, this indicates that increased awareness and acceptance, allowing for number to get to actual levels. => More investment in gender services According to others, this indicates thatcultural influences (“gender ideology”) push people (especially girls) to identify as transgender even though they’re not. => More gatekeeping to reduce unnecessary medical intervention and regret.

Answer 50

Hypothesized that teenagers push each other to identify as transgender, a “social contagion”. Sampled parents to trans kids in a forum. Some reported that their teens developed GP suddenly and didn’t show GD in childhood (Littman, 2019). == rapid onset gender dysphoria hypothesis

Answer 51

Major methodological criticisms (Florence, 2020; Restar, 2020). Major criticisms about language usage (CAAPS, 2021). No evidence for ROGD (Bauer et al., 2022; Turban et al., 2023). This was not a medication study. Put it up in a forum that was already anti-trans.

Answer 52

Nearly all minors (> 95%) who start with puberty blockers go on to receive cross-sex hormones 13% people who transitioned (socially or medically) reported detransition Most (82.5%) cited external reasons. A minority (16%) cited internal reasons, such as uncertainty and fluctuations in gender identity. Gonadectomy regret is rare: 0.3%-0.6% = Gender-Affirming Mastectomy (top-surgery). Regret associated with surgery quality and external factors. Methodological challenge: small samples and self selection.

T4: Identity Development Flashcards

(76 cards)