T6 Reading Meyer 2007

Question 1

How does LGB vary in sociodemographic characteristics?

Answer 1

gender, age, race, etc. and degree to which identity is central to self-definition, level of affiliation, rejection/acceptance of social stereotypes and prejudice about/against LGBs

Question 2

What types of discriminations are experienced by LGB?

Answer 2

legal discrimination (housing, employment, civil rights) and family law (mariage/adoption)

Question 3

What types of prejudice affect health of LGBs?

Answer 3

direct - violence
indirect - inadequate attention to health concerns, lack of knowledge, insensitivity, barriers to accessing health care.

Question 4

What does the Minority stress model explain?

Answer 4

explains how stigma, discrimination and prejudice, which affects mental and physical health. Chronic stress

Question 5

What are characteristics of Minority stress model?

Answer 5

Unique
Chronic
socially based

Question 6

What is the distal proximal continuum?

Answer 6

LGBs categorised along this continuum, shift from objective to subjective.
Distal stressors and Proximal stressors

Question 7

What are distal stressors?

Answer 7

social stressors in env. objective, regardless of personal perception/appraisal they exist

Question 8

What are proximal stressors?

Answer 8

internal (subjective) psychological reactions arise from distal stressors

Question 9

What are the specific stress processes?

LGBs

Answer 9

• external objective stressful life events (concrete, verifiable)
• expectation of such events, constant vigilance
• concealment of sexual orientation (behaviour proximal)
• internalised negative societal attitudes

Question 10

What is a problem with the simplistic identity models?

Answer 10

lakc of considerations for intersectionality

Question 11

How can stress affect individuals?

Answer 11

direct effect ( identity characteristics can cause stress).
prominence (salience) - identity can exacerbate stress

Question 12

What are the concepts of identity

Answer 12

Identity salience
identity valence
Idenitty integration

Question 13

What is identity salience?

Answer 13

importance of identity at specific times (dynamic and fluid)

Question 14

What is identity valence?

Answer 14

evaluation, how negative or positive individuals feel about identity - self validation (internalised homophobia)

Question 15

What is identity integration?

Answer 15

way minority identity relates w/person’s other identity, integration is optimal

Question 16

What are the different aspects of meyers minority stress model ?

Answer 16

A- circumstance in environment
B- minority status (sexuality, gender, race)
C- General stressors
D - minority stress processes (distal)
E- Minority identity
F- minority stress processes (pxoimal)
G- characteristics of minority identity
H- coping/social support
I- mental health outcome (+/-)

Question 17

What are some prejudice events?

5

Answer 17

• Anti-gay violence and discrimination as a core stressor affecting gay and lesbian population.
• LGB youth are more likely than adults to be victimized by anti-gay prejudice events and psychological consequences of their victimization may be mor severe.
• Gay and Lesbians are more discriminated against in workplace.
• Vigilance is a defensive coping mechanism from stigmatization, this is chronic.
• Conflict between self-perception and others’ negative perception of them, leading to vulnerable self-perception and energy drain.

Question 18

What are sources of threat due to stigma?

Answer 18

Categorization threats
Distinctiveness threats
Threat to value of social identity
Threat to acceptance

Question 19

What is categorisation threats?

Answer 19

being categorised against one’s will as a member of a group when that identity is irrelevant to the context.

Question 20

What is distinctiveness threats?

Answer 20

denied distinct group membership.

Question 21

What is threats to the value of social identity?

Answer 21

threat of having the minority group’s value undermined by the dominant culture

Question 22

What is threat to acceptance?

Answer 22

threat of rejection from one’s own ingroup due to conflict in identificatio

Question 23

What are some aspects of concealment vs disclose ?

Answer 23

paradoxical stress concealment
experience of hiding sexual orientation
disclosure strategies in workplace
health benefits of disclosure
loss of self-protective affiliation

Question 24

What are some factors of stress ameliorating?

Answer 24

Group level resource/solidarity
In group identity alternative structure and values
Social evaluation theory
personal/group distinction (peronsal reosurce/group level resource)
interaction/resource (interdependene/boundaries of coping)

Question 25

What does paradoxical stress concealment mean?

Answer 25

Concealment used as coping strategy to avoid stigma. Cognitive burden: hiding requires constant preoccupation Intrusive thoughts: suppressing thoughts baotu the stigma lead to their intrusive return, leading to psychological distress Private hell

Question 26

What is the experience of hiding sexual orientation?

Answer 26

* protect themselves from harm, internalized shame and guilt. * Stress of monitoring of behaviour * Behaviour constraints * Social isolation * Internal reinforcement

Question 27

What are disclosure strategies in the workplace?

Answer 27

* Balance of fear of discrimination with need for self-integrity * Passing (actively lying to be seen as heterosexual) * Covering (censoring clues is concealed) * Implicitly out: telling the truth without explicit language * Explicitly out: fully and openly disclosing

Question 28

what are health benefits of disclosure?

Answer 28

* Disclosure and expression are vital for mental and physical health * Suppression vs expression: hiding secretes linked to adverse health outcomes and affect immune function * HIV progression: HIV infection advanced more rapidly among gay men who concealed their sexual orientation

Question 29

What is the loss of self-protective affiliation?

Answer 29

* Positive affect of affiliation on self esteem * Self-perception improvements * Loss of resource: by concealing their identity, LGBs cannot access formal and informal support

Question 30

hat is internalised homophobia?

Answer 30

* Proximal stressors: most internal form of stress * Internalization of societal antigay attitudes * Relationship to coming out, internalised homophobia signifies a failure. * Chronic presence * Cover forms (sabotage their own efforts)

Question 31

What are some adverse affects ?

Answer 31

* Mental Health: Depression, anxiety symptoms, substance use disorders, and suicide ideation. * Self-Harm: Connected to eating disorders and HIV risk-taking behaviors. * Coping and Relationships: Linked to self-blame and poor coping in the face of illness (like HIV/AIDS), and difficulty with intimate relationships and sexual functioning.

Question 32

What is LGB discrimination due to ?

Answer 32

Criminalization of homosexuality. Legal discrimination (housing/employment/civil rights) Family law (marriage and adoption)

Question 33

How do LGB respond to the discrimination?

Answer 33

with resilience and form communities (institutions LGB identities are acknowledge, supported and respected), safe spaces.

Question 34

What is meant by unique? | minority stress model

Answer 34

minority stress is added to general stress, requires additional stress reduction effort.

Question 35

What is meant by chronic? | minority stress model

Answer 35

minority stress table constant, underlying social/cultural structure

Question 36

What is meant by socially based? | minority stress model

Answer 36

stems from social processes institutions, structure, beyond the individuals

Question 37

What is the intervention stress model?

Answer 37

distal causes -> structural intervention = eliminating sources of stress in social env. (public health/policy) Proximal causes -> individual intervention = enhance LGB youth sense of self and help with coming out, intervention linked to internalised homophobia, anti-gay violence and rejection